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Muhammad b. Abi Bakr: Difference between revisions
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==During 'Uthman's Caliphate== | ==During 'Uthman's Caliphate== | ||
The presence of Muhammad b. Abi Bakr in the political and military activities started in the caliphate of 'Uthman. Although some western historians have regarded him as one of those who plotted the murder of [['Umar]], this viewpoint does not seem to be right, especially considering that he was only thirteen years old at that time, in addition to the fact that there is no mention of this in the sources of early Islamic history. | The presence of Muhammad b. Abi Bakr in the political and military activities started in the caliphate of 'Uthman. Although some western historians have regarded him as one of those who plotted the murder of [['Umar]],<ref>Madelung, ''Jānishinī-yi Muḥammad'', p. 101.</ref> this viewpoint does not seem to be right, especially considering that he was only thirteen years old at that time, in addition to the fact that there is no mention of this in the sources of early Islamic history. | ||
===Opposition to the Conduct of 'Uthman=== | ===Opposition to the Conduct of 'Uthman=== | ||
After reaching adulthood, Muhammad b. Abi Bakr participated in the battles against non-Muslims during the caliphate of 'Uthman. Muhammad's opposition to the latter began in one of these battles, known as the Suwara Battle, in which 'Uthman made [[Abd Allah b. Sa'd b. Abi Sarh]] the commander of his naval forces, whereas the Prophet (s) had excommunicated this person and banished him from [[Hijaz]] and the [[Quran]] had affirmed his unbelief. Muhammad criticized this decision of 'Uthman and his leaving aside the true [[companions]] of the Prophet (s). | After reaching adulthood, Muhammad b. Abi Bakr participated in the battles against non-Muslims during the caliphate of 'Uthman. Muhammad's opposition to the latter began in one of these battles, known as the Suwara Battle,<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 196.</ref> in which 'Uthman made [[Abd Allah b. Sa'd b. Abi Sarh]] the commander of his naval forces, whereas the Prophet (s) had excommunicated this person and banished him from [[Hijaz]] and the [[Quran]] had affirmed his unbelief.<ref>''Qur'an 8:93''.</ref> Muhammad criticized this decision of 'Uthman and his leaving aside the true [[companions]] of the Prophet (s).<ref>Ḥusaynī, ''Mishkāt'', No 83, p. 63.</ref> | ||
Moreover, toward the end of 'Uthman's caliphate, Muhammad would criticize him harshly for a number of reasons, such as not observing justice with regard to the Companions— 'Uthman had given his relatives such as [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], important positions but had neglected the Prophet's prominent companions—ignoring the [[sunna]] of the Prophet (s) and the first two caliphs, and indifference towards his governors' unlawful conducts in different parts of Islamic territories. | Moreover, toward the end of 'Uthman's caliphate, Muhammad would criticize him harshly<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 405.</ref> for a number of reasons, such as not observing justice with regard to the Companions— 'Uthman had given his relatives such as [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], important positions but had neglected the Prophet's prominent companions—ignoring the [[sunna]] of the Prophet (s) and the first two caliphs, and indifference towards his governors' unlawful conducts in different parts of Islamic territories. | ||
===Participation in the Murder of 'Uthman=== | ===Participation in the Murder of 'Uthman=== | ||
Muhammad b. Abi Bakr participated in the 40-day besiege of [['Uthman]]'s home (form [[Dhu l-Qa'da 7th]] until [[Dhu l-Hijja 18th]], 35 AH/May 10th, 656 until June 20th, 656) and insisted on his opposition to 'Uthman. As to the role of Muhammad in murdering 'Uthman, different viewpoints have been expressed by the historians: | Muhammad b. Abi Bakr participated in the 40-day besiege of [['Uthman]]'s home (form [[Dhu l-Qa'da 7th]] until [[Dhu l-Hijja 18th]], 35 AH/May 10th, 656 until June 20th, 656)<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 176.</ref> and insisted on his opposition to 'Uthman. As to the role of Muhammad in murdering 'Uthman, different viewpoints have been expressed by the historians: | ||
Historical evidence supports the third viewpoint. | * Together with some other people, he went in and hit 'Uthman first. Then Sawran b. Humran and [['Amr b. Hamiq]] hit and killed him.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 188.</ref> | ||
* Muhammad went in together with thirteen other people and after rebuking 'Uthman, ordered one of those people to murder 'Uthman.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 405.</ref> | |||
* Although Muhammad had a role in instigating people to revolt against 'Uthman and had an active participation in besieging his home, he did not murder 'Uthman. Rather, 'Uthman was murdered by other people after Muhammad left him.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 415; Ibn Shabbah, ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-muawwara'', vol. 4, p. 1288.</ref> | |||
Historical evidence supports the third viewpoint.<ref>Ḥusaynī, ''Mishkāt'', No 83, p. 65-66.</ref> | |||
==During the Caliphate of Imam Ali (a)== | ==During the Caliphate of Imam Ali (a)== | ||