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===Shi'ism among Nomadic Tribes=== | ===Shi'ism among Nomadic Tribes=== | ||
Shi'ism among a number of Nomadic unions such as [[Banu Salama]] and [[Ta'i]] goes back to a long time ago. However Shi'ism is fresh among other nomadic tribes including Rabi'a, Khaz'al, Banu Tamim, Zubayd, Banu Umayr, Al-Diwar, Al-Difafi'a. Iranian's visit to Holy shrines in Iraq as well as presence of clergymen in order for preaching and expanding Shi'ism led to the growth of Shi'a Muslims among nomadic tribes. Ibrahim Haydari al-Baghdadi (1882) in his book "Al-Majd" explained about Shi'ism among nomadic tribes in Iraq and differentiated between Sunni and Shi'a tribes there. | Shi'ism among a number of Nomadic unions such as [[Banu Salama]] and [[Ta'i]] goes back to a long time ago. However Shi'ism is fresh among other nomadic tribes including Rabi'a, Khaz'al, Banu Tamim, Zubayd, Banu Umayr, Al-Diwar, Al-Difafi'a. Iranian's visit to Holy shrines in Iraq as well as presence of clergymen in order for preaching and expanding Shi'ism led to the growth of Shi'a Muslims among nomadic tribes. Ibrahim Haydari al-Baghdadi (1882) in his book "Al-Majd" explained about Shi'ism among nomadic tribes in Iraq and differentiated between Sunni and Shi'a tribes there. | ||
==Influence of Shi'ism in Iraq (Kufa, Najaf and Hilla) on Iran== | |||
The original Shi'ism was spread to Iran many times from Kufa, Najaf and Hilla: | |||
1. The immigration of Ash'ariyyun to Qom: | |||
[[Ash'ariyyun]] were members of a tribe from [[Yemen]] who immigrated to Iraq in order to support [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in his conquests in Iraq. A large number of them were students and followers of [[Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] and later they converted to [[Shi'ism]]. After [[Umayyad]] rulers prosecuted Shi'a Muslims, they immigrated to [[Iran]] and settled in [[Qom]]. Ash'ariyyun maintained their Arabic identity for centuries. | |||
2. Shi'ism spread to Iran from the school of Baghdad in the time of Al-Shaykh al-Tusi and his son, Abu Ali: | |||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] spend most of his life in Baghdad. But when his library was set on fire, he moved to [[Najaf]] and founded a seminary school there. Meanwhile a number of Iranian Shi'a Muslims immigrated to Iraq who were mainly from Qom, Rey, Sari and Gorgan. They became students of Al-Shaykh al-Tusi, [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and [[Al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] afterwards. | |||
3. Shi'ism spread to Iran from the School of Hilla: | |||
The school of Hilla was managed by [[Ibn Idris]], [[Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]] and [[Al-Allama al-Hilli]] which influenced Muslim world. A large number of Iranian students have studied there and the thoughts of Al-Allama al-Hilli were promoted in Iran for two centuries. Constant travels of clergymen between Iran and Hilla and occasional visits of Al-Allama al-Hilli to Iran in the time of Sultan Muhammad Khudabande exerted a powerful influence over the promotion of Shi'ism in Iran. This scientific movement continued in the time of [[Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin]]. | |||
4. The influence of seminary school of Najaf on Iran: | |||
Massive immigration of religious scholars of [[Jabal Amil]] to Iran had a great influence on this matter. A number of them settled in Iraq, and a number of them directly immigrated to Iran. Most of these religious scholars were invited to Iran by Safavid rulers including Shah Tahmasib in order to strengthen religious seminaries in Iran. They brought Shi'ite texts which enriched Shi'ism in Qazvin and Isfahan in [[Safavid]] era. [[Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karki]] was among the prominent figures of time. | |||
==Contemporary Situation of Shi'ism== | |||
===The Revolution of 1920=== | |||
Although Shi'a Muslims were treated harshly in Ottoman's era, they stood firmly and defended themselves against British soldiers. This resistance was inspired by [[fatwas]] of religious scholars of [[Najaf]]. [[Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id Habbubi]], [[Shaykh Abd al-Karim al-Jazayeri]] and [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]] gave speeches in order to encourage the resistance. [[Muhammad Mahdi Khalisi]] in [[Kadhimiyya]] emphasized on resistance in his statements. [[Sayyid Mahdi Heydari]] and [[Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]] issued fatwas. Even [[Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]], as the leader of Shi'a Muslims of Iraq and his successor, [[Al-Shaykh al-Shari'a al-Isfahani]], made huge efforts in achieving independence of Iraq from the Ottomans. | |||
After the opposition of religious scholars of Najaf with policies of the British in Iraq, rulers of Iraq exiled them in 1337 A.H. [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]] and [[Mirza Husayn Na'ini]] along with a number of other religious scholars were exiled to Iran. Sunni Muslims were holding the official authorities in that time. In the meantime Al-Da'wa party started his activities in 1958. | |||
No Shi'a Muslim was ever appointed as a minister in Iraq until 1947. [[Malik Feysal]] tried to convince Shi'a religious clergymen to get them involved in government affairs. [[Al-Sayyid Hibi al-Din al-Shahristani]] held the ministry of Ma'arif (theology) for some time. Also [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr]], [[Salih Jibar]] and [[Abd al-Wahhab Marjan]] were prime ministers of Iraq from 1947 to 1957. | |||
===Shi'a Muslims in Ba'ath Time=== | |||
Ba'ath government tried their best to keep Shi'a Muslims and Kurdish Iraqi away from political power. From 1920 until the occupation of Iraq by American army in 2003 Sunni were largely in charge of political power in Iraq. After the attack of Iraq to Kuwait in 1991 and afterwards the attack of the United States' army to Iraq, Shi'a Muslims started a revolution against Ba'ath government called Sha'baniyya, which was supported by a grand religious leader, [[Ayatullah Khu'i]]. After the failure of this riot, Iraqi army massacred Shi'a Muslims all over the country; they used tanks that carried flags written on them "There will not be any Shi'a Muslim anymore." According to sources, between three hundred to five hundred thousand Shi'a were murdered. In the meantime, the war between Iraq and Iran and also expulsion of Iranian from Iraq took place. | |||
Sha'ban Intifada in Iraq, was a riot against the government of Saddam Husayn in Sha'ban month in 1411 A.H/1991. It took place after the defeat of Iraqi army in their attack to Kuwait. Subsequently Iraqi army suppressed the rioters and oppositions, killing thousands of people while two million left their houses. Meanwhile the holy shrines of Imam Ali (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) were damaged and Ayatullah Khu'i was arrested. | |||
===After the time of Saddam Husayn=== | |||
After the fall of Saddam Husayn's Government in 2003, Shi'a Muslims who were exiled to [[Iran]] and [[Syria]] returned to their homeland. After a couple of months the first parliament was formed with 25 members, including 13 Shi'a representatives; [[Ibrahim al-Ja'fari]] was the head of this Majlis. The United States proposed writing a constitutional law for Iraq which was rejected by [[Ayatullah Sistani]]. His opposition with American plan made Ayatullah Sistani the defender of Iraqi people. The United States was interfering with internal affairs of Iraq, which led to civil wars in the country. [[Ayatullah Hakim]] and [['Izu al-Din Salim]] were martyred in these incidents. Suicidal attacks in [[Karbala]], [[Kadhimiyya]] and other holy shrines led to killings of a large number of Shi'a Muslims in Iraq. | |||
===Constitution of Iraq and the New Government=== | |||
After the fall of Ba'ath government Shi'a Muslims and Kurds found a chance to get involved in political activities in their country. Iraq conducted nationwide parliamentary elections in 2005. Shi'a Muslims' representatives managed to achieve140 chairs out of total 257 chairs of the parliament. Ibrahim al-Ja'fari became the head of the government. In 2005 fifty members including 28 Shi'a Muslims became responsible to draw up the new Constitution of Iraq. Later Sunni representatives also were added to them, which made them a 75 member group. On 25th of October a referendum were held in Iraq on the new Constitution which was accepted by 78% of Iraqi people. [[Al-Sayyid Ali al-Sistani]] and later the leaders of [[Al-Da'wa party]] and [[Al-Majlis al-A'ala al-Islami al-Iraqi]] (Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq) were leaders of Shi'a Muslims throughout theses political occasions. Currently the prime minister of Iraq is a Shi'a Muslim. [[Ibrahim al-Ja'fari]], [[Nuri al-Maliki]] and [[Heydar al-Abbasi]] were Prime ministers also for some time. Today sixty percent of ministries of Iraq are administrated and managed by Shi'a representatives. | |||
==Shi'a Political Parties== | |||
===Islamic Da'wa Party=== | |||
[[Islamic Da'wa party]] is regarded as one of the main Shi'ite parties in Iraq. It was founded in [[Najaf]] by [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim]] and [[Muhammad Sadiq al-Qamusi]]. [[Al-Sayyid Murtada al-Askari]] became a member of this party later. | |||
===Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq=== | |||
Al-Majlis Al-A'ala al-Islamic al-Iraqi (Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq) was founded in 1982 in Tehran with the purpose of throwing down the Ba'ath government in Iraq. [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim]] was a pioneer in founding this Majlis. It includes Shi'ite, Sunni, Kurd, Arab and Turkmen members, with Arab Shi'ite as their majority. It also comprises a number of political parties and groups including Islamic Da'wa party, Islamic Action Society, Haraka al-Mujahidin al-'Araqi'in, Hizbullah of Kurdistan and numbers of Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin in Iraq. [[Al-Sayyid Mahmud al-Hashimi]] and [[Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim]] were previously the head of this Majlis, currently [['Ammar al-Hakim]] is the head of this organization. | |||
==Shi'ite Media in Iraq== | |||
Afaq Satellite Channel, Radio Afaq, Radio Bintu al-huda, Islamic Da'wa Journal, Al-Bayan and Al-Da'wa newspapers are a number of popular broadcasting bases which are managed and administrated by Shi'a Muslims of Iraq. | |||
==Iran-Iraq Relations== | |||
Iraq was part of Persia's territory in ancient time. After the foundation of Ottoman's government in Istanbul, Iraq was conquered frequently by Iran and Ottoman's armies. Shah Isma'il, a Safavid ruler, conquered Baghdad in 914 A.H. However Iraq was seized by Ottoman's ruler Sultan Murad IV in 1059 A.H; it was the last time that Iran ruled over Iraq. After the fall of Ottoman's dynasty, Tehran and Baghdad had conflicts over [[Arvand Rud]]. Later in 1937 they reached an agreement to settle the conflicts on this river which kept them in peace until 1958. | |||
When Ba'ath regime came to power, conflicts between the two countries resumed. Ba'ath began expulsion of a thousand Iranian settlers in Iraq, while they welcomed Teymur Bakhtiyar, the former head of Savak Agency of Iran. These incidents intensified the hostilities between Iraq and Iraq. 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iraq and Iran temporarily ended their disputes. The invasion of Iraq in 1980 to Iran started the darkest time between the countries which led to an eight-year war. However after Ba'ath government collapsed in the invasion of the United States army, political, social and economic relations between Iraq and Iran resumed into its normal conditions. Currently Iran is supporting Iraq in recent years after the attacks of ISIS to northern parts of this country. | |||
===Exile of Religious Leaders=== | |||
[[Mirza Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi]] issued a [[Jihad]] [[fatwa]] against English occupiers in Iraq, accordingly Iraqi and Iranian people including [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Yazdi]], [[Sayyid Ali Damad Tabrizi]], [[Shari'at Isfahani]], [[Mirza Muhammad Shirazi]] and [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khunsari]] attended the battled and fought against English troops. On the other hand, the English exiled a number of religious leaders of Iraq including [[Mirza Muhammad Shirazi]], [[Shaykh Jawad Zanjani]], [[Muhammad Taqi Khunsari]] and [[Abd al-Karim Puyan]] to Hingam Island. When [[Ayatullah Shirazi]] passed away, [[Shari'at Isfahani]] was chosen as the new leader of the opposition against the English which started a new wave of encounters. Afterwards [[Al-Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalisi]] along with a number of religious leaders were exiled to [[Qom]] in Iran. | |||
===Iranians Settlers in Iraq=== | |||
A number of Iranians immigrated to Iraq many years ago, they were living in [[Karbala]], [[Najaf]] and Kadhimiyya near Baghdad. A number of them were forced to leave Iraq in the time of Saddam Husayn's government. However after the fall of Ba'ath regime some of them returned back to Iraq. | |||
Hakim family with Iranian origins, are a well-known Shi'ite family who are prominent in scientific and political areas. Their ancestor [[Al-Sayyid Ali al-Hakim]], the son of [[Al-Sayyid Murad b. Sayyid Shah Asad Allah]], was the special doctor of Shah Abbas I Safavid. He accompanied Shah Abbas in his visit to Najaf but he stayed there due to medical needs of people. Thus he was known as [[Al-Sayyid Ali al-Hakim]] (Hakim means doctor in Arabic). | |||
===Iraqi Immigrants in Iran=== | |||
A number of Arab and Kurd Iraqi people have immigrated to Iran in recent decades. According to an official census in 2001, about two hundred and three thousand Iraqi people were living in Iran. Some sources believe about five hundred thousand Iraqi people live in Iran. A large part of them have become Iranian citizens and they are mainly living in Qom, Tehran, Khuzistan and Khurasan. Nevertheless some of them returned to Iraq after the fall of Saddam Husayn's regime. | |||
==Shi'ite Rituals and Ceremonies== | |||
Arba'in in Karbala: The largest gathering of Shi'a Muslims in the whole world is held every year in [[Arba'in]] in [[Karbala]]. Shi'a Muslims from different countries move toward Karbala every year in order to attend mourning ceremonies there. They also walk on foot the distance between Najaf and Karbala. In the time of Ba'ath regime Shi'a Muslims were not allowed to hold or attend Arba'in ceremonies which were conducted for many centuries in Karbala; therefore, after the fall of Saddam Husayn procession of Arba'in resumed. | |||
==ISIS Attacks to the North of Iraq== | |||
After an attack of Iraq's army to some Sunni settlers in 2014, they were forced to retreat and leave Ramadi and Falluja in Al-Anbar province. It gave a chance to ISIS forces to occupy these cities consequently. However after series of attacks and clashes the head of ISIS in Ramadi was killed and they lost the control of these two cities. | |||
In June 2014 ISIS attacked to northern parts of Iraq and they occupied Mosul, the second largest city of Iraq. They destroyed all the historical sites and mosques in Mosul which were valued by Shi'a Muslims. ISIS forces demolished the burial places of [[Prophet Ynus]] (Jonah), [[Jirjis]], [[Sheeth]] (Seth) and Yahya b. Zayd near Kufa. Ayatullah Sistani asked Iraqi people to stand and fight against ISIS, which made a large number of people encouraged and motivated. | |||
Currently northern parts of Iraq near the borders of Syria are occupied by ISIS including cities like [[Nineveh]], [[Tikrit]] and [[Yathrib]]. There is no official account on the number of casualties in ISIS attacks, it is reported only in August 2014 attacked ISIS injured 1370 and killed 1420 Iraqi. Unofficial reports reported that ISIS attacks have made five hundred thousand Iraqi to leave their houses. About a thousand infants and children were killed in Nineveh and Salah al-Din. Numerous governments and international organizations have condemned ISIS attacks. | |||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||