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{{Iraq}} | {{Iraq}} | ||
The '''Republic of Iraq''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|جمهوریة العراق}}) is a [[Middle East]] country situated in the south west of Asia. The majority of Iraqi people are [[Shi'a]] Muslims mostly located in the south of this country. Iraq is mostly important to Shi'a Muslims because of the holy shrines of six Shi'a [[Imams]] in [[Najaf]], [[Karbala]], [[Kadhimiyya]], and [[Samarra]], as well as other significant places such as the [[Great Mosque of Kufa]] and [[al-Sahla Mosque]]. Religious leadership and [[seminary of Najaf]]. | The '''Republic of Iraq''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|جمهوریة العراق}}) is a [[Middle East]] country situated in the south west of Asia. The majority of Iraqi people are [[Shi'a]] Muslims mostly located in the south of this country. Iraq is mostly important to Shi'a Muslims because of the holy shrines of six Shi'a [[Imams]] in [[Najaf]], [[Karbala]], [[Kadhimiyya]], and [[Samarra]], as well as other significant places such as the [[Great Mosque of Kufa]] and [[al-Sahla Mosque]]. Religious leadership and [[seminary of Najaf]]. | ||
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Iraqi people are mainly Shi'ite or Sunni Muslims. It is estimated that 60% of people are Shi'ite, 37% are Sunni and only 3% are followers of other religions including [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and Assyrians. | Iraqi people are mainly Shi'ite or Sunni Muslims. It is estimated that 60% of people are Shi'ite, 37% are Sunni and only 3% are followers of other religions including [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Judaism|Jews]], and Assyrians. | ||
Shi'a Arabs, the bulk of population of Iraq, mainly settle in the south. [[Karbala]], [[al-Diwaniya]], [[al- | Shi'a Arabs, the bulk of population of Iraq, mainly settle in the south. [[Karbala]], [[al-Diwaniya]], [[al-Hillahh]], [[al-Muntafiq]], [[al-Amara]] and [[al-Kut]] are Shi'ite cities of Iraq. [[Diyala]], [[Baghdad]], and [[Basra]] mainly contain Shi'a Muslims, while they also live in other provinces of Iraq. On the other hand, Sunni Muslims are settled largely in the north of the country. Kurds are settled in mountainous regions in the north east; they are concentrated mostly in [[Sulaymaniya]] and [[Mosul]]. | ||
In the aspect of races, 70% of Iraqi people are Arabs, 20% are Kurd, 4% are Persian and 6% are Turkmen as well as other races. Turks who are living in the north of the country are called Turkmen. | In the aspect of races, 70% of Iraqi people are Arabs, 20% are Kurd, 4% are Persian and 6% are Turkmen as well as other races. Turks who are living in the north of the country are called Turkmen. | ||
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| [[Imam Ali (a)]] || 29 years ([[11]]/632 to [[40]]/661]] || Kufa (after accepting the caliphate) || [[Abu Bakr]] {{-}}[['Umar b. Abi Quhafa|'Umar]]{{-}}[['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]] || 4 years and 9 months || [[Battle of Jamal]] {{-}}[[Battle of Siffin]] {{-}}[[Battle of Nahrawan]] | | [[Imam Ali (a)]] || 29 years ([[11]]/632 to [[40]]/661]] || Kufa (after accepting the caliphate) || [[Abu Bakr]] {{-}}[['Umar b. Abi Quhafa|'Umar]]{{-}}[['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]] || 4 years and 9 months || [[Battle of Jamal]] {{-}}[[Battle of Siffin]] {{-}}[[Battle of Nahrawan]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] || 10 years (40/661 to [[50]]/670) || Kufa (to the time of [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)|Peace Treaty with Mu'awiyya]] | | [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] || 10 years (40/661 to [[50]]/670) || Kufa (to the time of [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)|Peace Treaty with Mu'awiyya]] || [[Mu'awiyya]] || 6 months ||making Peace Treaty with Mu'awiyya | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] || 11 year (50/670 to [[61]]/680) || Kufa (to the time of [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)]] {{-}} Karbala ([[Event of Karbala]])|| [[Mu'awiyya]] (from [[41]]/661 to [[60]]/680) [[Yazid b. Mu'awiyya|Yazid]] (from [[60]]/680 to [[64]]/683 || || Event of Karbala | | [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] || 11 year (50/670 to [[61]]/680) || Kufa (to the time of [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)]] {{-}} Karbala ([[Event of Karbala]])|| [[Mu'awiyya]] (from [[41]]/661 to [[60]]/680) [[Yazid b. Mu'awiyya|Yazid]] (from [[60]]/680 to [[64]]/683 || || Event of Karbala | ||
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|[[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] || 17 years || Baghdad (by command of [[Mu'tasim]] he was sent at the end of his life)|| [[al-Ma'mun]] {{-}} [[al-Mu'tasim]]|| || | |[[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] || 17 years || Baghdad (by command of [[Mu'tasim]] he was sent at the end of his life)|| [[al-Ma'mun]] {{-}} [[al-Mu'tasim]]|| || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]||34 years|| [[Samarra]]|| Mu'tasim {{-}} Wathiq {{-}} Mutawakkil {{- | | [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]||34 years|| [[Samarra]]|| Mu'tasim {{-}} Wathiq {{-}} Mutawakkil {{-}} [[Muntasir]] {{-}} [[Mu'taz]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Imam Hasan al-'Askari]] || 4years|| he was brought to Samarra by his father|| Mu'taz{{-}}Muhtadi{{-}} Mu'tamid|| || | | [[Imam Hasan al-'Askari]] || 4years|| he was brought to Samarra by his father|| Mu'taz{{-}}Muhtadi{{-}} Mu'tamid|| || | ||
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* Banu al-Mazid | * Banu al-Mazid | ||
{{Main|Banu al-Mazid}} | {{Main|Banu al-Mazid}} | ||
Banu al-Mazid (350/ 961-62 – [[454]]/1062-63): They were initially part of the [[Banu Asad]] tribe who started living in the regions near [[Kufa]]. Ali b. Mazid, known as Sana' al-Dawla, was permitted by Ahmad Mu'iz al-Dawla's government to found the city [[ | Banu al-Mazid (350/ 961-62 – [[454]]/1062-63): They were initially part of the [[Banu Asad]] tribe who started living in the regions near [[Kufa]]. Ali b. Mazid, known as Sana' al-Dawla, was permitted by Ahmad Mu'iz al-Dawla's government to found the city [[Hillah]] in Iraq, which became their capital later. They actually acquired titles from Buyid government and they established an independent state. Banu al-Mazidi established the [[Seminary School of Hillah|seminary school in Hillah]] for the first time in the fifth/eleventh century. | ||
* Shahiniyya Shi'ite government | * Shahiniyya Shi'ite government | ||
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==Shi'a Seminaries in Iraq== | ==Shi'a Seminaries in Iraq== | ||
{{Main|Seminary of Baghdad|Seminary of Najaf|Seminary of | {{Main|Seminary of Baghdad|Seminary of Najaf|Seminary of Hillah}} | ||
===Shi'a Seminary of Baghdad=== | ===Shi'a Seminary of Baghdad=== | ||
Shi'a seminary in Baghdad was established in the time of [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]. After the emergence of religious scholars such as [[Ibn al-Junayd]], [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], [[Al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] and [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] in the time of [[Buyid dynasty]], Shi'a seminary in Baghdad became the superior seminary among Shi'a Muslims. However after the entrance of Tughril, a Seljuk leader, in Baghdad in 477 A.H, the Shi'a seminary in Baghdad declined as a result most of religious scholars migrated to [[Najaf]]. | Shi'a seminary in Baghdad was established in the time of [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]. After the emergence of religious scholars such as [[Ibn al-Junayd]], [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], [[Al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] and [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] in the time of [[Buyid dynasty]], Shi'a seminary in Baghdad became the superior seminary among Shi'a Muslims. However after the entrance of Tughril, a Seljuk leader, in Baghdad in 477 A.H, the Shi'a seminary in Baghdad declined as a result most of religious scholars migrated to [[Najaf]]. | ||
===Shi'a Seminary of Najaf=== | ===Shi'a Seminary of Najaf=== | ||
The presence of [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] in Shi'a seminary of Najaf made it a scientific and intellectual center in Shi'ism. Then in the sixth century A.H after the emergence of [[Muhammad b. Idris al-Hilli]], Shi'a seminary of Najaf declined and the superiority transferred to Shi'a seminary of | The presence of [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] in Shi'a seminary of Najaf made it a scientific and intellectual center in Shi'ism. Then in the sixth century A.H after the emergence of [[Muhammad b. Idris al-Hilli]], Shi'a seminary of Najaf declined and the superiority transferred to Shi'a seminary of Hillah. However [[Muhaqqiq Ardabili]] made the Shi'a seminary of Najaf prominent again. Since the fourth decade of the eleventh century, Shi'a seminary of Najaf involved in [[Akhbarism]], just like other Shi'a seminaries. The emergence of [['Allama Bahr al-Ulum]] and the students of [[Wahid al-Bihbahani]] in the thirteenth century in Shi'a seminary of Najaf, made again the most influential and major Shi'a seminary among Shi'a Muslims. | ||
===Shi'a Seminary of | ===Shi'a Seminary of Hillah=== | ||
Shi'a seminary of | Shi'a seminary of Hillah was founded by [[Banu Mazid]] in the fifth century A.H, which became the superior seminary among Shi'a Muslims from the middle of the sixth century to the end of the eighth century. Numerous grand scholars have taught and studied there such as [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]], Mughaqqiq al-Hilli, [['Allama al-Hilli]] and [[Ibn Tawus]]. | ||
==Shi'ite Tribes== | ==Shi'ite Tribes== | ||
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* Banu Asad | * Banu Asad | ||
{{main|Banu Asad}} | {{main|Banu Asad}} | ||
Banu Asad are 'Adnani Arabs who settled around Kufa, [[Basra]] and [[Syria]]. [[Habib b. Muzahir]] and [[Muslim b. Awsaja]] who were [[Martyrdom|martyred]] in the [[battle of Karbala]] were from Banu Asad tribe; the tribe that buried martyrs of the battle of Karbala. Banu Mazid were a branch of Banu Asad, who founded the city [[ | Banu Asad are 'Adnani Arabs who settled around Kufa, [[Basra]] and [[Syria]]. [[Habib b. Muzahir]] and [[Muslim b. Awsaja]] who were [[Martyrdom|martyred]] in the [[battle of Karbala]] were from Banu Asad tribe; the tribe that buried martyrs of the battle of Karbala. Banu Mazid were a branch of Banu Asad, who founded the city [[Hillah]] in the time of their rule. The establishment of [[Shi'a seminary]] in Hillah is regarded as their most significant scientific – cultural action taken by Banu Asad. | ||
* 'Abd al-Qays tribe | * 'Abd al-Qays tribe | ||
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[[Said b. Jubayr]] was regarded a prominent leading members of [[Tabi'in]] who had tendencies toward Shi'ism; he was also a student of [[Ibn Abbas]]. He was slayed by the orders of Hajjaj b. Yusuf. [[Twelver]] and [[Zaydi]] Shi'a Muslims gradually settled in Wasit in the time of [[Abbasid dynasty]]. [[Hisham b. Hakam]], a well-known Shi'a [[Mutakallim]], was born in Kufa but he grew up and started his trades in Baghdad. [[Ibrahim b. Hayyan al-Asadi al-Kufi]], a companion of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], moved from Kufa to Wasit and stayed there. [[Ubay Allah b. Abi Zayd Ahmad al-Anbari]], [[Ahmad b. Sahl al-Wasiti]], [['Ali b. Bilal al-Baghdadi]] and [['Ali b. Muhammad Shakir Laythi Wasiti]] lived in Wasit. | [[Said b. Jubayr]] was regarded a prominent leading members of [[Tabi'in]] who had tendencies toward Shi'ism; he was also a student of [[Ibn Abbas]]. He was slayed by the orders of Hajjaj b. Yusuf. [[Twelver]] and [[Zaydi]] Shi'a Muslims gradually settled in Wasit in the time of [[Abbasid dynasty]]. [[Hisham b. Hakam]], a well-known Shi'a [[Mutakallim]], was born in Kufa but he grew up and started his trades in Baghdad. [[Ibrahim b. Hayyan al-Asadi al-Kufi]], a companion of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], moved from Kufa to Wasit and stayed there. [[Ubay Allah b. Abi Zayd Ahmad al-Anbari]], [[Ahmad b. Sahl al-Wasiti]], [['Ali b. Bilal al-Baghdadi]] and [['Ali b. Muhammad Shakir Laythi Wasiti]] lived in Wasit. | ||
[[Hasan b. 'Ali b. Nasr b. 'Aql]], known as [[Abu 'Ali 'Abdi al-Wasiti al-Baghdadi]] was an Iraqi poet in the sixth century who composed a number of poems for rulers of the time. [[Aba l-Fadl Isfandyar b. Muwaffaq b. Muhammad b. Yahya]], a Shi'a poet, was born in Wasit. [[Muhammad b. Fallah Masha'sha'i]], the founder of [[Masha'sha'i]] Shi'a government in the south of Iran and Iraq, was also born in Wasit. He studied in [[ | [[Hasan b. 'Ali b. Nasr b. 'Aql]], known as [[Abu 'Ali 'Abdi al-Wasiti al-Baghdadi]] was an Iraqi poet in the sixth century who composed a number of poems for rulers of the time. [[Aba l-Fadl Isfandyar b. Muwaffaq b. Muhammad b. Yahya]], a Shi'a poet, was born in Wasit. [[Muhammad b. Fallah Masha'sha'i]], the founder of [[Masha'sha'i]] Shi'a government in the south of Iran and Iraq, was also born in Wasit. He studied in [[Hillah]], he was a student of [[Ibn Fahad al-Hilli]]. A number of descendants of Shi'a Imams are buried in Wasit as well. | ||
===Shi'ism in North-East of Iraq=== | ===Shi'ism in North-East of Iraq=== | ||
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Shi'ism among a number of Nomadic unions such as [[Banu Salama]] and [[Ta'i]] goes back to a long time ago. However Shi'ism is fresh among other nomadic tribes including Rabi'a, Khaz'al, Banu Tamim, Zubayd, Banu Umayr, Al-Diwar, Al-Difafi'a. Iranian's visit to Holy shrines in Iraq as well as presence of clergymen in order for preaching and expanding Shi'ism led to the growth of Shi'a Muslims among nomadic tribes. Ibrahim Haydari al-Baghdadi (1882) in his book "Al-Majd" explained about Shi'ism among nomadic tribes in Iraq and differentiated between Sunni and Shi'a tribes there. | Shi'ism among a number of Nomadic unions such as [[Banu Salama]] and [[Ta'i]] goes back to a long time ago. However Shi'ism is fresh among other nomadic tribes including Rabi'a, Khaz'al, Banu Tamim, Zubayd, Banu Umayr, Al-Diwar, Al-Difafi'a. Iranian's visit to Holy shrines in Iraq as well as presence of clergymen in order for preaching and expanding Shi'ism led to the growth of Shi'a Muslims among nomadic tribes. Ibrahim Haydari al-Baghdadi (1882) in his book "Al-Majd" explained about Shi'ism among nomadic tribes in Iraq and differentiated between Sunni and Shi'a tribes there. | ||
==Influence of Shi'ism in Iraq (Kufa, Najaf and | ==Influence of Shi'ism in Iraq (Kufa, Najaf and Hillah) on Iran== | ||
The original Shi'ism was spread to Iran many times from Kufa, Najaf and | The original Shi'ism was spread to Iran many times from Kufa, Najaf and Hillah: | ||
1. The immigration of Ash'ariyyun to Qom: | 1. The immigration of Ash'ariyyun to Qom: | ||
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[[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] spend most of his life in Baghdad. But when his library was set on fire, he moved to [[Najaf]] and founded a seminary school there. Meanwhile a number of Iranian Shi'a Muslims immigrated to Iraq who were mainly from Qom, Rey, Sari and Gorgan. They became students of Al-Shaykh al-Tusi, [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and [[Al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] afterwards. | [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] spend most of his life in Baghdad. But when his library was set on fire, he moved to [[Najaf]] and founded a seminary school there. Meanwhile a number of Iranian Shi'a Muslims immigrated to Iraq who were mainly from Qom, Rey, Sari and Gorgan. They became students of Al-Shaykh al-Tusi, [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and [[Al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] afterwards. | ||
3. Shi'ism spread to Iran from the School of | 3. Shi'ism spread to Iran from the School of Hillah: | ||
The school of | The school of Hillah was managed by [[Ibn Idris]], [[Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]] and [[Al-Allama al-Hilli]] which influenced Muslim world. A large number of Iranian students have studied there and the thoughts of Al-Allama al-Hilli were promoted in Iran for two centuries. Constant travels of clergymen between Iran and Hillah and occasional visits of Al-Allama al-Hilli to Iran in the time of Sultan Muhammad Khudabande exerted a powerful influence over the promotion of Shi'ism in Iran. This scientific movement continued in the time of [[Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin]]. | ||
4. The influence of seminary school of Najaf on Iran: | 4. The influence of seminary school of Najaf on Iran: | ||
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===Shi'a Muslims in Ba'ath Time=== | ===Shi'a Muslims in Ba'ath Time=== | ||
{{main|Ba'th Party}} | |||
Ba'ath government tried their best to keep Shi'a Muslims and Kurdish Iraqi away from political power. From 1920 until the occupation of Iraq by American army in 2003 Sunni were largely in charge of political power in Iraq. After the attack of Iraq to Kuwait in 1991 and afterwards the attack of the United States' army to Iraq, Shi'a Muslims started a revolution against Ba'ath government called Sha'baniyya, which was supported by a grand religious leader, [[Ayatullah Khoei]]. After the failure of this riot, Iraqi army massacred Shi'a Muslims all over the country; they used tanks that carried flags written on them "There will not be any Shi'a Muslim anymore." According to sources, between three hundred to five hundred thousand Shi'a were murdered. In the meantime, the war between Iraq and Iran and also expulsion of Iranian from Iraq took place. | Ba'ath government tried their best to keep Shi'a Muslims and Kurdish Iraqi away from political power. From 1920 until the occupation of Iraq by American army in 2003 Sunni were largely in charge of political power in Iraq. After the attack of Iraq to Kuwait in 1991 and afterwards the attack of the United States' army to Iraq, Shi'a Muslims started a revolution against Ba'ath government called Sha'baniyya, which was supported by a grand religious leader, [[Ayatullah Khoei]]. After the failure of this riot, Iraqi army massacred Shi'a Muslims all over the country; they used tanks that carried flags written on them "There will not be any Shi'a Muslim anymore." According to sources, between three hundred to five hundred thousand Shi'a were murdered. In the meantime, the war between Iraq and Iran and also expulsion of Iranian from Iraq took place. | ||
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<center> | <center> | ||
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image:مسجد کوفه.jpg|[[ | image:مسجد کوفه.jpg|[[ Great Mosque of Kufa]] | ||
image:مسجد حنانه 1.jpg|[[Masjid al-Hannana]] | image:مسجد حنانه 1.jpg|[[Masjid al-Hannana]] | ||
image:مسجد-سهله.jpg|[[Masjid al-Sahla]] | image:مسجد-سهله.jpg|[[Masjid al-Sahla]] | ||