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Abu Bakr: Difference between revisions
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== Story of the Army of Usama == | == Story of the Army of Usama == | ||
The last mission of Abu Bakr, [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]], [[Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah]] and some others among the elders of the [[companions]] before the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] was participating in the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] heading [[Mu'ta]] of [[ | The last mission of Abu Bakr, [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]], [[Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah]] and some others among the elders of the [[companions]] before the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] was participating in the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] heading [[Mu'ta]] of [[Syria]]. According to [[al-Waqidi]] and [[Muhammad b. Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd]], on Monday, 4 days before the end of month of [[Safar]], after [[Hajjat al-Wida']], and few days before his demise, the [[Prophet (s)]] ordered that they prepare for the battle with Romans. The next day, he (s) called Usama and appointed him as the commander of the army, but the movement of this army regardless of the prophet's (s) great emphasis did not take place. First, they delayed due to the objection of some of the companions about Usama's youth and then with the excuse of preparation of the provisions of the journey and then due to receiving the news of the aggravation of the illness of the Prophet (s) and Usama's return to [[Medina]]. Regardless of the explicit orders of the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr, 'Umar and some others returned to Medina from Jurf camp. | ||
== Story of the Congregational Prayer Towards the End of the Prophet's (s) Life == | == Story of the Congregational Prayer Towards the End of the Prophet's (s) Life == | ||
When the [[Prophet (s)]] was trying to send the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] to [[ | When the [[Prophet (s)]] was trying to send the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] to [[Syria]], his illness so aggravated that when [[Bilal]] called for the prayer, he (s) could not get up for prayer and attend the mosque, so he (s) decide to send someone instead of himself for the prayer. There are disagreements regarding the way of holding this prayer, its leader, the number of prayers held without the presence of the Prophet (s), and that if a complete prayer was ever held by Abu Bakr or not. | ||
With all such differences in reports, it is said that Abu Bakr stood to lead the prayer instead of the Prophet (s). However, the reaction of the Prophet (s) about this prayer has been reported differently. There is a report from [['Ayisha]] that when Abu Bakr was in the middle of this prayer, the Prophet (s) got better, got up and while he (s) leaned on two people and his feet were being dragged on the ground, came to the mosque. As soon as Abu Bakr found that the Prophet (s) was there, stood aside, but the Prophet (s) pointed that he should stay where he was. Then the Prophet (s) came and sat on his left. So, the Prophet (s) prayed while sitting and Abu Bakr prayed normally. Abu Bakr followed the Prophet's (s) prayer and people followed Abu Bakr's. | With all such differences in reports, it is said that Abu Bakr stood to lead the prayer instead of the Prophet (s). However, the reaction of the Prophet (s) about this prayer has been reported differently. There is a report from [['Ayisha]] that when Abu Bakr was in the middle of this prayer, the Prophet (s) got better, got up and while he (s) leaned on two people and his feet were being dragged on the ground, came to the mosque. As soon as Abu Bakr found that the Prophet (s) was there, stood aside, but the Prophet (s) pointed that he should stay where he was. Then the Prophet (s) came and sat on his left. So, the Prophet (s) prayed while sitting and Abu Bakr prayed normally. Abu Bakr followed the Prophet's (s) prayer and people followed Abu Bakr's. | ||
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These battles led to quick victory over Sasanid commanders such as Hurmuzd (in the battle of Salasil), Qubad, Qaran, Nushjan or Anushjan, Hizar sawar, Bahman Jaduya and Jaban, and to killing and capture of many Iranians and Arabs depending on them in places such as Kazima, Madhar, Thanna, Walaja, Ulis, Ameghishiya and Hira. | These battles led to quick victory over Sasanid commanders such as Hurmuzd (in the battle of Salasil), Qubad, Qaran, Nushjan or Anushjan, Hizar sawar, Bahman Jaduya and Jaban, and to killing and capture of many Iranians and Arabs depending on them in places such as Kazima, Madhar, Thanna, Walaja, Ulis, Ameghishiya and Hira. | ||
=== Attacking | === Attacking Syria === | ||
{{Main|Conquest of | {{Main|Conquest of Syria}} | ||
According to the report of Ibn Ishaq, after returning from [[hajj]] in [[12 AH]]/633, Abu Bakr began collecting soldiers and equipping them to send to [[ | According to the report of Ibn Ishaq, after returning from [[hajj]] in [[12 AH]]/633, Abu Bakr began collecting soldiers and equipping them to send to [[Syria]]. Following the announcement for beginning of the war, many volunteers joined the army and during [[Muharram]] of [[13 AH]]/634, soldiers settled in two camps in Jurf. On the other hand, Heraclius, emperor of Byzantine went to [[Hums]] and quickly gathered a great army (about 200 thousand soldiers) from Romans, people of Syria, Algeria and Armenia and sent them to fight Muslims. The two armies faced in [[Yarmouk]]. | ||
After 3 months of encounter ([[Safar]], [[Rabi' I]], and [[Rabi' II]] of [[13]]/ April, May, and June 634 CE) and some unimportant clashes, Muslims asked Abu Bakr for help and he ordered Khalid b. Walid to go to | After 3 months of encounter ([[Safar]], [[Rabi' I]], and [[Rabi' II]] of [[13]]/ April, May, and June 634 CE) and some unimportant clashes, Muslims asked Abu Bakr for help and he ordered Khalid b. Walid to go to Syria from Iraq. Khalid put Muthanna b. Haritha in his place and went to Syria in Rabi' II of 13 AH/June 634 and finally arrived in Yarmouk in [[Jumada I]]/July 634. | ||
During the struggle of the war, a messenger came to him from [[Medina]] delivering a letter from 'Umar giving the news about the death of Abu Bakr, caliphate of 'Umar, dismissal of Khalid from the command of the army and appointment of [[Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah|Abu 'Ubayda]]'s command for leading the battles of | During the struggle of the war, a messenger came to him from [[Medina]] delivering a letter from 'Umar giving the news about the death of Abu Bakr, caliphate of 'Umar, dismissal of Khalid from the command of the army and appointment of [[Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah|Abu 'Ubayda]]'s command for leading the battles of Syria, however he hid the news until the victory of Muslims. | ||
== Compiling the Qur'an == | == Compiling the Qur'an == | ||
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== Agents == | == Agents == | ||
Two years and some months of Abu Bakr's caliphate was spent at war and while the war with [[Iran]] and [[ | Two years and some months of Abu Bakr's caliphate was spent at war and while the war with [[Iran]] and [[Syria]] was not finished, he died. Therefore, most of his agents except few were commanders. In sources, his agents have been introduced as below: | ||
* [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], responsible for judgment | * [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], responsible for judgment | ||