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Abu Bakr: Difference between revisions
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{{Imams and Caliphs}} | {{Imams and Caliphs}} | ||
{{Main|Event of Saqifa}} | {{Main|Event of Saqifa}} | ||
On Monday [[Rabi' I 12]] [[11 AH]] | On Monday [[Rabi' I 12]], [[11 AH]]/[[June 10]], 632 and according to [[Shi'a]] hadith scholars, on Monday 28th of [[Safar]] of the same year (28th of May 632), the [[Prophet (s)]] passed away. The news of the Prophet's (s) demise soon spread in the small [[Medina]] of those days and while [['Ali (a)]], [[Fadl b. 'Abbas]] and some others were washing the body of the Prophet (s), some others almost instantly after receiving the news gathered to appoint the [[caliph]] after the Prophet (s). | ||
The news about the [[Event of Saqifa Bani Sa'ida|Event in Saqifa]] and the dialogues between the [[Immigrants]] and the [[Helpers]] are famous. Sources clearly state that choosing Abu Bakr happened with a lot of arguments and disputes, so much that [[Habab b. Mundhir]] from the Helpers draw a sword against the Immigrants and [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] was about to be trampled underneath the crowd and got a hold of [['Umar b. al-Khattab| | The news about the [[Event of Saqifa Bani Sa'ida|Event in Saqifa]] and the dialogues between the [[Immigrants]] and the [[Helpers]] are famous. Sources clearly state that choosing Abu Bakr happened with a lot of arguments and disputes, so much that [[Habab b. Mundhir]] from the Helpers draw a sword against the Immigrants and [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] was about to be trampled underneath the crowd and got a hold of [['Umar b. al-Khattab|Umar]]'s beard and was pulling.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 246; Ḥalabī, ‘’al-Sīra al-Ḥalabīyya’’, vol. 3, p. 359.</ref> Finally, the tribe of [[Banu Aslam]] came to Medina and their allegiance with Abu Bakr eased the allegiance of people with him.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 246. Fayyāḍ, ‘’Tārīkh al-Islām’’, p. 131.</ref> It is narrated from Umar that allegiance with Abu Bakr was something unjustified and hurried that God saved people from its evil.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 583-584; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 204-206.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] concisely has stated the summary of the reasons for their achievement as below: | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] concisely has stated the summary of the reasons for their achievement as below: | ||
* That | * That Ali (a) was busy with the rituals of the Prophet's (s) body; | ||
* [[Banu Hashim]]'s distance from the Event of Saqifa due to the tragedy they had faced; | * [[Banu Hashim]]'s distance from the Event of Saqifa due to the tragedy they had faced; | ||
* Disagreement among the Helpers. | * Disagreement among the Helpers.<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, p. 101.</ref> | ||
== Beginning of Caliphate == | == Beginning of Caliphate == | ||
One day after the [[Event of Saqifa]], Abu Bakr went to the mosque and after praising God said that he was not the best of people and asked people to help in good works and if he makes any mistake, they should guide him. He also said that he was not an inventor and in his caliphate, he would follow the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] method. | One day after the [[Event of Saqifa]], Abu Bakr went to the mosque and after praising God said that he was not the best of people and asked people to help in good works and if he makes any mistake, they should guide him. He also said that he was not an inventor and in his caliphate, he would follow the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] method.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 4, p. 311; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 210.</ref> | ||
In the views of [[Sunni]] scholars and researchers, such sermons are signs of his politeness, humbleness and obedience from prophetic traditions and they have been regarded as valuable guidance for the way of ruling for the people in the future, but [[Shi'a]] scholars regard some of them as criticisms against Abu Bakr and a reason for his incompetence in caliphate and in this regard, they have discussed (the principle of [[imamate]]) based on their beliefs. | In the views of [[Sunni]] scholars and researchers, such sermons are signs of his politeness, humbleness and obedience from prophetic traditions and they have been regarded as valuable guidance for the way of ruling for the people in the future,<ref>ʿAẓm, ‘’Ashhar mashāhīr al-Islām’’, p. 90-91; Darwaza, ‘’Tārīkh al-ʿarab fī l-Islām’’, p. 30.</ref> but [[Shi'a]] scholars regard some of them as criticisms against Abu Bakr and a reason for his incompetence in caliphate and in this regard, they have discussed (the principle of [[imamate]]) based on their beliefs.<ref>Mūsawī Nīyshābūrī, ‘’Tashīd al-maṭāʿin’’, vol. 1, p. 197-224; Ḥusaynī Fīrūzābādī, ‘’al-Sabʿa min al-salaf’’, p. 9-11.</ref> | ||
Although, the caliphate of Abu Bakr was confirmed in that gathering, but some of the [[Immigrants]] and the [[Helpers]] avoided allegiance with him; names of some of whom which are mentioned in different sources are: | Although, the caliphate of Abu Bakr was confirmed in that gathering, but some of the [[Immigrants]] and the [[Helpers]] avoided allegiance with him; names of some of whom which are mentioned in different sources are: | ||
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* [[Abu l-Haytham b. al-Tayyihan]] | * [[Abu l-Haytham b. al-Tayyihan]] | ||
* [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] | * [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] | ||
* [[Abu Sufyan b. Harb]] | * [[Abu Sufyan b. Harb]]<ref>Ṭabarsī, ‘’al-Iḥtijāj’’, vol. 1, p. 97; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 123-126; Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 588; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ‘’Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha’’, vol. 2, p. 44-61.</ref> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
From among the above-mentioned people, except Sa'd b. | From among the above-mentioned people, except Sa'd b. Ubada who himself claimed the caliphate and until the end of his life did not give allegiance to Abu Bakr and [[Umar b. al-Khattab]], and Abu Sufyan and his supporters,<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 588.</ref> others regarded Ali (a) rightful for caliphate referring to the reasons below and believed in the exact order and the Prophet's (s) appointment of the caliph: | ||
* | * Ali's (a) records in Islam | ||
* His brilliant services and his blood relationship with the Prophet (s) | * His brilliant services and his blood relationship with the Prophet (s) | ||
* The verses "Indeed Allah chose Adam and Noah, and the progeny of Abraham and the progeny of Imran above all the nations; some of them are descendants of the others…." | * The verses "Indeed Allah chose Adam and Noah, and the progeny of Abraham and the progeny of Imran above all the nations; some of them are descendants of the others…."<ref>Qur'an, 3:33-34.</ref> and that the Prophet (s) and his family are from descendants of Prophet [[Abraham (a)]] and possess the same virtues and merits and also referring to the verse "Your guardian is only Allah, His Apostle, and the faithful who maintain the prayer and give the zakat while bowing down."<ref>Qur'an, 5:55.</ref> and other verses.<ref>Mufīd, ‘’al-Jamal wa l-nuṣra’’, p. 32-33; Ṭabāṭabāyī, ‘’Shīʿa dar Islām’’, p. 113.</ref> | ||
* Frequent reports such as hadiths of [[Hadith Yawm al-Dar|Yawm al-Dar]], [[Hadith of Manzila|Manzila]] and [[Hadith al-Ghadir|al-Ghadir]] on | * Frequent reports such as hadiths of [[Hadith Yawm al-Dar|Yawm al-Dar]],<ref>Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, ‘’al-Musnad’’, vol. 1, p. 111; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 2, p. 319-321.</ref> [[Hadith of Manzila|Manzila]]<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 23-24; Mufīd, ‘’al-Jamal wa l-nuṣra’’, p. 33-34; Ibn Ṣabbāgh, ‘’al-Fuṣūl al-muhīmma’’, p. 39.</ref> and [[Hadith al-Ghadir|al-Ghadir]]<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 5, p. 208-214; vol. 7, p. 346-351.</ref> on Ali's (a) right for caliphate.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ‘’Shīʿa dar Islām’’, p. 113-114.</ref> | ||
== Taking Allegiance of Imam | == Taking Allegiance of Imam Ali (a) == | ||
Reports on avoidance of [[Imam | Reports on avoidance of [[Imam Ali (a)]] from giving allegiance and the manner and time of his allegiance with Abu Bakr are different and sometimes contradictory.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 586; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 207; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 126.</ref> | ||
===Two Hadiths of Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari=== | ===Two Hadiths of Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari=== | ||
In ''al-Imama wa l-siyasa'', two hadiths are cited about the event, which are more detailed than other hadiths: | In ''al-Imama wa l-siyasa'', two hadiths are cited about the event, which are more detailed than other hadiths: | ||
According to the first hadith: 'Umar and group of people including [[Usayd b. Hudayr]] and Salama b. Aslam went to 'Ali's house and asked him and other people from [[Banu Hashim]] to go to the mosque to pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr. They rejected the request and [[al-Zubayr b. 'Awwam]] went out with a sword. At the command of 'Umar, Salama jumped, drew his sword, and hit the wall with it. They took al-Zubayr with them and he and other people of Banu Hashim pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr. However, 'Ali (a) stood before Abu Bakr and appealed to Abu Bakr's arguments and claims in his talks with [[Ansar]] and said that he himself has the right to caliphate. 'Umar said, "we will not leave you alone until you pledge the allegiance." 'Ali told him: "draw milk from the caliphate. For you will have a share from it. Solidify his government today so that he leaves it to you tomorrow." Abu Bakr told him, "if you do not pledge the allegiance, I will not force you to do so." Then [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]] recommended 'Ali (a) to leave the caliphate to Abu Bakr. Then 'Ali (a) addressed the [[Muhajirun]] and made a speech to argue for his and [[Ahl al-Bayt]]'s right to the caliphate, and warned them not to follow their personal desires and deviate from God's path. [[Bushayr b. Sa'd al-Ansari]] told 'Ali (a): "if Ansar had heard these words before the allegiance to Abu Bakr, your right to caliphate would not be disputed even by two persons." At night, 'Ali (a) carried [[Fatima (a)]], the Prophet's daughter, with a mule to Ansar and asked them to help him gain the position of caliphate. However, they told her: "O the daughter of the messenger of God! If your husband asked us for allegiance before Abu Bakr, we would not have preferred him over | According to the first hadith: 'Umar and group of people including [[Usayd b. Hudayr]] and Salama b. Aslam went to 'Ali's house and asked him and other people from [[Banu Hashim]] to go to the mosque to pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr. They rejected the request and [[al-Zubayr b. 'Awwam]] went out with a sword. At the command of 'Umar, Salama jumped, drew his sword, and hit the wall with it. They took al-Zubayr with them and he and other people of Banu Hashim pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr. However, 'Ali (a) stood before Abu Bakr and appealed to Abu Bakr's arguments and claims in his talks with [[Ansar]] and said that he himself has the right to caliphate. 'Umar said, "we will not leave you alone until you pledge the allegiance." 'Ali told him: "draw milk from the caliphate. For you will have a share from it. Solidify his government today so that he leaves it to you tomorrow." Abu Bakr told him, "if you do not pledge the allegiance, I will not force you to do so." Then [[Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah]] recommended 'Ali (a) to leave the caliphate to Abu Bakr. Then 'Ali (a) addressed the [[Muhajirun]] and made a speech to argue for his and [[Ahl al-Bayt]]'s right to the caliphate, and warned them not to follow their personal desires and deviate from God's path. [[Bushayr b. Sa'd al-Ansari]] told 'Ali (a): "if Ansar had heard these words before the allegiance to Abu Bakr, your right to caliphate would not be disputed even by two persons." At night, 'Ali (a) carried [[Fatima (a)]], the Prophet's daughter, with a mule to Ansar and asked them to help him gain the position of caliphate. However, they told her: "O the daughter of the messenger of God! If your husband asked us for allegiance before Abu Bakr, we would not have preferred him over Ali …"<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa’’, vol. 1, p. 11-12; Mufīd, ‘’al-Ikhtiṣāṣ, ‘’p. 184-187.</ref> | ||
In the second hadith which is probably a displaced part of the first hadith, it is reported that Abu Bakr asked about the group of people who refused to pledge their allegiance to him and gathered around 'Ali (a), and sent 'Umar to them. 'Umar went to 'Ali's house and called them, but they did not go out of the house. Then, 'Umar asked for pieces of firewood and said, "I swear to the One who has 'Umar's life in His hand! If you do not go out of the house, I will set the house on fire with everyone in it." He was told, "O Abu Hafs! What if Fatima is in the house?" He said, "even if she is in the house." Thus, everyone went out of the house and pledged their allegiance, except | In the second hadith which is probably a displaced part of the first hadith, it is reported that Abu Bakr asked about the group of people who refused to pledge their allegiance to him and gathered around 'Ali (a), and sent 'Umar to them. 'Umar went to 'Ali's house and called them, but they did not go out of the house. Then, 'Umar asked for pieces of firewood and said, "I swear to the One who has 'Umar's life in His hand! If you do not go out of the house, I will set the house on fire with everyone in it." He was told, "O Abu Hafs! What if Fatima is in the house?" He said, "even if she is in the house."<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 586.</ref> Thus, everyone went out of the house and pledged their allegiance, except Ali … .<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Imama wa l-sīyāsa’’, vol. 1, p. 12.</ref> Following these reports, details of the event are described, such as 'Ali's message, reprehensive remarks by Fatima (a), consecutive dispatching of groups of people to encourage 'Umar to force 'Ali (a) to pledge the allegiance, taking 'Ali (a) to the mosque, threatening him to murder, 'Ali's wrathful remarks, Fatima's curse, and finally, Abu Bakr's tears and his request to relinquish the allegiance.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Imama wa l-sīyāsa’’, vol. 1, p. 13-14.</ref> | ||
During their allegiance to Abu Bakr, Imam 'Ali's supporters expressed their belief in 'Ali (a) and the caliphate. [[Salman]]'s partly Persian and partly Arabic remarks are cited in Sunni sources as well. He said, "you did and you did not. If you pledged allegiance to 'Ali, you would be fully blessed." | During their allegiance to Abu Bakr, Imam 'Ali's supporters expressed their belief in 'Ali (a) and the caliphate. [[Salman]]'s partly Persian and partly Arabic remarks are cited in Sunni sources as well. He said, "you did and you did not. If you pledged allegiance to 'Ali, you would be fully blessed."<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 591; Ṭabarsī, ‘’al-Iḥtijāj’’, vol. 1, p. 99.</ref> | ||
Although some sources have refused to fully cite the hadith or even point to it because of political or denominational reasons, they consciously or unconsciously affirm the event by citing Abu Bakr's words in his death bed. According to these hadiths, Abu Bakr said on the last days of his life: "Yes, I am not sorry about what happened in this world, except that I did three things that I wish I had never done, and I did not do three things that I wish I had done … I wish did not force Fatima's house open even if they had closed it to start a war … . Moreover, when Banu Hashim refused to pledge their allegiance to [[ | Although some sources have refused to fully cite the hadith or even point to it because of political or denominational reasons, they consciously or unconsciously affirm the event by citing Abu Bakr's words in his death bed. According to these hadiths, Abu Bakr said on the last days of his life: "Yes, I am not sorry about what happened in this world, except that I did three things that I wish I had never done, and I did not do three things that I wish I had done … I wish did not force Fatima's house open even if they had closed it to start a war … .<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 430-431; Masʿūdī, ‘’Murūj al-dhahab’’, vol. 2, p. 308; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 137.</ref> Moreover, when Banu Hashim refused to pledge their allegiance to [[Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and he threatened to burn them down, his brother [[Urwa b. al-Zubayr]] justified the threat with the attack on al-Zahra's house.<ref>Masʿūdī, ‘’Murūj al-dhahab’’, vol. 3, p. 77.</ref> | ||
Although | Although Umar said about the [[Event of Saqifa]] in his sermon in the mosque of Medina, "'Ali, al-Zubayr, and some others turned away from us and gathered in Fatima's house,"<ref>Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 4, p. 308-310; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 204-205.</ref> and thus, he admitted that 'Ali (a) and some others refused to pledge the allegiance, with few exceptions, Sunni historians never cited or pointed to the event. According to one hadith with Sayf in the chain of transmitters, when 'Ali (a) heard that Abu Bakr sat for allegiance, he hurried to pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr and thus he went there without a rope and only with a shirt, and only when he sat beside Abu Bakr, he sent someone to his house to take his clothes from home.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> | ||
==Time of Allegiance== | ==Time of Allegiance== | ||
There different or conflicting accounts of 'Ali's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr as well as how and when he did so. The event is reported here and there in sources. Since every account is separate from and irrelevant to other accounts, and thus, the order of events is not known, we do not know whether 'Ali (a) and his companions were asked to pledge the allegiance immediately after the congregation in Saqifa, or after the public allegiance, or after the burial of the Prophet (s). | There different or conflicting accounts of 'Ali's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr as well as how and when he did so. The event is reported here and there in sources. Since every account is separate from and irrelevant to other accounts, and thus, the order of events is not known, we do not know whether 'Ali (a) and his companions were asked to pledge the allegiance immediately after the congregation in Saqifa, or after the public allegiance, or after the burial of the Prophet (s).<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 582; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 124-126.</ref> | ||
==Reason for | The hadiths can be classified into two major categories: according to one, with few differences in words and contents, 'Ali was coerced to pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr a few hours after the public allegiance.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 585, 587; Ibn Qutayba, ‘’al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa’’, vol. 1, p. 11.</ref> According to other historical accounts, Ali (a) refused to pledge the allegiance to Abu Bakr for 6 months,<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 586; Ibn Ḥibbān, ‘’Kitāb al-thiqāt’’, vol. 2, p. 170-171; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 208; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 126.</ref> and according to some hadiths, no person from Banu Hashim pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr before Ali's allegiance.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 208.</ref> Shortly after that or sooner, Banu Hashim and a group of Ali's followers, such as [[Hudhayfa b. al-Yaman]], [[Khuzayma b. Thabit]], [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]], Salman, [[Abu Dhar]], [[Khalid b. Sa'id]], and others, pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 588; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 387; Ṭabarsī, ‘’al-Iḥtijāj’’, vol. 1, p. 95-105.</ref> | ||
==Reason for Ali's Allegiance to Abu Bakr== | |||
Ali's allegiance to Abu Bakr seems to be because of the rapid spread of apostasy, riots of tribes, and emergence of false prophets in the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 1, p. 587; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> According to some sources, the pressures and life threats also forced him to pledge the allegiance. There is a hadith to the effect that one day [[Abu Hanifa]] asked [[Mu'min al-Taq]], "if the legitimate caliphate was 'Ali's right, then why did not he start an uprising to regain his right?" Mu'min answered: "he feared that people from jinn kill him just as they killed [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]]!"<ref>Ṭabarsī, ‘’al-Iḥtijāj’’, vol. 2, p. 381.</ref> | |||
== Event of Fadak == | == Event of Fadak == | ||
{{Main|Fadak|Sermon of Fadakiyya}} | {{Main|Fadak|Sermon of Fadakiyya}} | ||
One of the actions of Abu Bakr in the early days of his caliphate was aggressive confiscation of [[Fadak]]. Some [[Sunni]] sources have pointed to the confiscation of Fadak, objection of [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and claiming her right, Abu Bakr's answer and the anger of Lady Faitma (a) towards him and some sources have mentioned more detailed reports about it. | One of the actions of Abu Bakr in the early days of his caliphate was aggressive confiscation of [[Fadak]].<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ‘’Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha’’, vol. 16, p. 268-269; Ṭurayḥī, ‘’Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn’’, vol. 3, p. 371.</ref> Some [[Sunni]] sources have pointed to the confiscation of Fadak, objection of [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and claiming her right, Abu Bakr's answer and the anger of Lady Faitma (a) towards him<ref>See: Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 207-208.</ref> and some sources have mentioned more detailed reports about it.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Futūḥ al-buldān’’, p. 44-46.</ref> | ||
Having based their arguments on Sunni sources, [[Shi'a]] researchers have shown that since the time Fadak was confiscated by the order of Abu Bakr, many times before her short life, Lady Fatima (a) argued against him for her rights before the eyes of the people of [[Medina]]. Manner and also treatment of the agents of Abu Bakr upon attacking the house of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] for taking his allegiance made Fatima (a) so angry of him that she never again talked to Abu Bakr and forbade [[ | Having based their arguments on Sunni sources, [[Shi'a]] researchers have shown that since the time Fadak was confiscated by the order of Abu Bakr, many times before her short life, Lady Fatima (a) argued against him for her rights before the eyes of the people of [[Medina]]. Manner and also treatment of the agents of Abu Bakr upon attacking the house of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] for taking his allegiance made Fatima (a) so angry of him that she never again talked to Abu Bakr and forbade [[A'isha]] and Abu Bakr's attendance upon her body for funeral.<ref>Amīn, ‘’Aʿyān al-Shīʿa’’, vol. 1, p. 314; Bukhārī, ‘’Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī’’, vol. 5, p. 82; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ‘’Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha’’, vol. 16, p. 218.</ref> | ||
It is said that once after hearing Fatima's (a) reasons while she was crying, Abu Bakr wrote a document of her ownership of Fadak, but when [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]] found out about it, objected to Abu Bakr and torn the document. | It is said that once after hearing Fatima's (a) reasons while she was crying, Abu Bakr wrote a document of her ownership of Fadak, but when [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]] found out about it, objected to Abu Bakr and torn the document.<ref>Ḥalabī, ‘’al-Sīra al-Ḥalabīyya’’, vol. 3, p. 362.</ref> | ||
Some Sunni scholars considered confiscation of Fadak an instance of judgment and within the competence of the caliph; but, [[Shi'a]], with regards to the fact that the confiscation has only happened during the rule of Abu Bakr and in sources, there are reports about his abundant giving from the national treasury to people in order to reinforce his caliphate, they seriously criticized this action of Abu Bakr and offending Fatima (a) which according to the Prophet (s) was equal to offending God and His messenger (s) and regarded it a great sin of Abu Bakr and among criticisms leveled against him. | Some Sunni scholars considered confiscation of Fadak an instance of judgment and within the competence of the caliph; but, [[Shi'a]], with regards to the fact that the confiscation has only happened during the rule of Abu Bakr and in sources, there are reports about his abundant giving from the national treasury to people in order to reinforce his caliphate, they seriously criticized this action of Abu Bakr and offending Fatima (a) which according to the Prophet (s) was equal to offending God and His messenger (s) and regarded it a great sin of Abu Bakr and among criticisms leveled against him.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ‘’Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha’’, vol. 1, p. 222; Mufīd, ‘’al-Jamal wa l-nuṣra’’, p. 59.</ref> | ||
== Sending the Army of Usama == | == Sending the Army of Usama == | ||
The first or second official and governmental action of Abu Bakr after confiscating [[Fadak]] was equipping the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]]. Despite the chaos in [[Arab peninsula]] (apostasy of some tribes, emergence of false prophets, revolts of Jews and Christians and other possible uprisings) and opposite to the opinions of his two consultants [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]] and [[Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah|Abu 'Ubayda]] who deemed sending of the army of Usama in such a critical situation unwise, Abu Bakr thought of it as necessary apparently to follow the orders of the [[Prophet (s)]]. | The first or second official and governmental action of Abu Bakr after confiscating [[Fadak]] was equipping the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]]. Despite the chaos in [[Arab peninsula]] (apostasy of some tribes, emergence of false prophets, revolts of Jews and Christians and other possible uprisings) and opposite to the opinions of his two consultants [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]] and [[Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah|Abu 'Ubayda]] who deemed sending of the army of Usama in such a critical situation unwise, Abu Bakr thought of it as necessary apparently to follow the orders of the [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>ʿAẓm, ‘’Ashhar mashāhīr al-Islām’’, p. 24-25; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 225-226; Wāqidī, ‘’al-Maghāzī’’, vol. 2, p. 1121.</ref> | ||
== Ridda Wars == | == Ridda Wars == | ||
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Before the news of the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] demise reached the whole peninsula, different reactions were seen in many parts of it. Some sources suggest that many of those whom Abu Bakr fought with in the name of apostasy, performed daily prayers, i.e. they believed in the [[Unity of God]] and the [[prophethood]]. Apparently, they did not acknowledge Abu Bakr's caliphate or they refrained from paying [[Zakat]] to him. | Before the news of the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] demise reached the whole peninsula, different reactions were seen in many parts of it. Some sources suggest that many of those whom Abu Bakr fought with in the name of apostasy, performed daily prayers, i.e. they believed in the [[Unity of God]] and the [[prophethood]]. Apparently, they did not acknowledge Abu Bakr's caliphate or they refrained from paying [[Zakat]] to him. | ||
According to [[Ibn Kathir]], except [[Ibn Maja]], all people of hadith have reported that [[ | According to [[Ibn Kathir]],<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 6, p. 311.</ref> except [[Ibn Maja]], all people of hadith have reported that [[Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]] objected to Abu Bakr why he fought people who had attested to the unity of God and the mission of the Muhammad (s) against the tradition of the Prophet (s), but Abu Bakr answered that he would fight with one who makes difference between the [[prayer]] and paying Zakat. [[Al-Tabari]] also has reported that a group of Arabs came to [[Medina]] who acknowledged prayer, but they refrained from paying Zakat<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 6, p. 311.</ref> and were among those who objected to the caliphate of Abu Bakr and refrained from paying Zakat to him.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 6, p. 311; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 246.</ref> | ||
[[ | |||
Some scholars believe that in those days, people of the Arab peninsula except steadfast Muslims were three groups: | Some scholars believe that in those days, people of the Arab peninsula except steadfast Muslims were three groups: | ||
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# A group who had completely turned away from Islam | # A group who had completely turned away from Islam | ||
# A group who just refrained from paying Zakat but accepted daily prayer | # A group who just refrained from paying Zakat but accepted daily prayer | ||
# A majority were waiting | # A majority were waiting<ref>Fayyāḍ, ‘’Tārīkh al-Islām’’, p. 131; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 241.</ref> | ||
Some regarded some of these battles and also Abu Bakr's approval of [[Khalid b. Walid]] in killing [[Malik b. Nuwayra]] against [[Qur'an|the Book]] and the [[Sunnat al-Nabi|tradition of the Prophet (s)]] and a criticism leveled against Abu Bakr. Opinions of some elders of the Companions and Sunni people such as [[Abu Qatada al-Ansari]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] and even 'Umar himself about the murder of Malik b. Nuwayra was the same as [[Shi'a]]. | Some regarded some of these battles and also Abu Bakr's approval of [[Khalid b. Walid]] in killing [[Malik b. Nuwayra]] against [[Qur'an|the Book]] and the [[Sunnat al-Nabi|tradition of the Prophet (s)]] and a criticism leveled against Abu Bakr.<ref>Sayyid Murtaḍā, ‘’al-Shāfī fī l-imāma’’, vol. 4, p. 161-167; Ṭabāṭabāyī, ‘’Shīʿa dar Islām’’, p. 11.</ref> Opinions of some elders of the Companions and Sunni people such as [[Abu Qatada al-Ansari]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] and even 'Umar himself about the murder of Malik b. Nuwayra was the same as [[Shi'a]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’Usd al-ghāba’’, vol. 4, p. 295-296; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 278-280; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 131-132.</ref> | ||
As Abu Bakr had ordered the commanders of armies, despite his moderate appearance, he himself was also very serious in suppressing the rebels and punishing them. | As Abu Bakr had ordered the commanders of armies, despite his moderate appearance, he himself was also very serious in suppressing the rebels and punishing them. | ||
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In those days, due to chaos inside [[Iran]] and the quick replacement of kings in [[Tisfun]], Sassanid Empire was weakened and was declining. | In those days, due to chaos inside [[Iran]] and the quick replacement of kings in [[Tisfun]], Sassanid Empire was weakened and was declining. | ||
According to a report from [[al-Baladhuri]], Abu Bakr first appointed Muthanna b. Haritha as commander but then ordered [[Khalid b. Walid]] who had just finished the battle with [[Musaylama al-Kadhdhab|Musaylama]] in [[Yamama]] to go to [[Iraq]] and wrote to Muthanna to join Khalid and follow his orders. | According to a report from [[al-Baladhuri]], Abu Bakr first appointed Muthanna b. Haritha as commander but then ordered [[Khalid b. Walid]] who had just finished the battle with [[Musaylama al-Kadhdhab|Musaylama]] in [[Yamama]] to go to [[Iraq]] and wrote to Muthanna to join Khalid and follow his orders.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Futūḥ al-buldān’’, p. 242; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 343, 344, 346.</ref> | ||
These battles led to quick victory over Sassanid commanders such as Hurmuzd (in the battle of Salasil), Qubad, Qaran, Nushjan or Anushjan, Hizar sawar, Bahman Jaduya and Jaban, and to killing and capturing of many Iranians and Arabs depending on them in places such as Kazima, Madhar, Thanna, Walaja, Ulis, Ameghishiya and Hira. | These battles led to quick victory over Sassanid commanders such as Hurmuzd (in the battle of Salasil), Qubad, Qaran, Nushjan or Anushjan, Hizar sawar, Bahman Jaduya and Jaban, and to killing and capturing of many Iranians and Arabs depending on them in places such as Kazima, Madhar, Thanna, Walaja, Ulis, Ameghishiya and Hira.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Futūḥ al-buldān’’, p. 243-244; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 246; Zarrīnkūb, ‘’Tārīkh-i Īrān baʿd az Islam’’, p. 346-350.</ref> | ||
=== Attacking Syria === | === Attacking Syria === | ||
{{Main|Conquest of Syria}} | {{Main|Conquest of Syria}} | ||
According to the report of Ibn Ishaq, after returning from [[hajj]] in [[12 AH]]/633, Abu Bakr began collecting soldiers and equipping them to send to [[Syria]]. | According to the report of Ibn Ishaq, after returning from [[hajj]] in [[12 AH]]/633,<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 387.</ref> Abu Bakr began collecting soldiers and equipping them to send to [[Syria]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 115-116.</ref> On the other hand, Heraclius, emperor of Byzantine went to [[Hums]] and quickly gathered a great army (about 200 thousand soldiers) from Romans, people of Syria, Algeria and Armenia and sent them to fight Muslims. The two armies faced in [[Yarmouk]].<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Futūḥ al-buldān’’, p. 140-141; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 314-392.</ref> After three months of encounter, Muslims asked Abu Bakr for help and he ordered Khalid b. Walid to go to Syria from Iraq. | ||
After three months of encounter | |||
During the war, a messenger came to him from [[Medina]] delivering a letter from | During the war, a messenger came to him from [[Medina]] delivering a letter from Umar giving the news about the death of Abu Bakr, caliphate of Umar, dismissal of Khalid from the command of the army and appointment of [[Abu Ubayda b. al-Jarrah|Abu Ubayda]]'s command for leading the battles of Syria; however, he hid the news until the victory of Muslims.<ref>Balādhurī, ‘’Futūḥ al-buldān’’, p. 118-122; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 3, p. 395, 406, 407, 434.</ref> | ||
== Compiling the Qur'an == | == Compiling the Qur'an == | ||
After the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] and events such as the [[Event of Yamama]] ([[11 AH]]/632-633) and the massacre of many of the [[companions]] and reciters of the [[Qur'an]], Muslims felt the need to compile the Qur'an more than ever. Knowing the exact steps made in this regards through different reports is very difficult, so that even the role of Abu Bakr cannot be found with confidence. | After the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] and events such as the [[Event of Yamama]] ([[11 AH]]/632-633) and the massacre of many of the [[companions]] and reciters of the [[Qur'an]], Muslims felt the need to compile the Qur'an more than ever. Knowing the exact steps made in this regards through different reports is very difficult, so that even the role of Abu Bakr cannot be found with confidence. | ||
According to a report from [[al-Bukhari]] through [[Zayd b. Thabit]], after the massacre of Yamama, following an advice of [[Umar]], Abu Bakr called Zayd and ordered him to compile the Qur'an and Zayd after a while reflecting on this task, began to work on it and collected suras and verses from everywhere. According to this report, this compilation was with Abu Bakr until he died. Then, it was with 'Umar and then with his daughter [[Hafsa bt. 'Umar|Hafsa]].<ref>Bukhārī, ‘’Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī’’, vol. 6, p. 98-99.</ref> | |||
From other hadiths we can learn more about how Zayd's manuscripts, those of his companions and advisors, and the type of the manuscripts. According to these hadiths, [['Uthman]] borrowed this mushaf from Hafsa for the final compilation of the Qur'an, and unlike other manuscripts that he burned down, he returned it to Hafsa. Marwan b. al-Hakam (reign: 64-65/683-684), the ruler of Medina during the caliphate of [[Mu'awiya]], asked Hafsa to lend him the mushaf, but she refused to do so. After Hafsa's death ([[45]]/665), the mushaf was bequeathed to 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar. Once again Marwan sent someone to 'Abd Allah, seized the manuscript, and then commanded its destruction so that no doubts remain about 'Uthmani Mushafs.<ref>Rāmyār, ‘’Tārīkh Qurʾān’’, p. 304.</ref> | |||
From other hadiths we can learn more about how Zayd's manuscripts, those of his companions and advisors, and the type of the manuscripts. According to these hadiths, [['Uthman]] borrowed this mushaf from Hafsa for the final compilation of the Qur'an, and unlike other manuscripts that he burned down, he returned it to Hafsa. Marwan b. al-Hakam (reign: 64-65/683-684), the ruler of Medina during the caliphate of [[Mu'awiya]], asked Hafsa to lend him the mushaf, but she refused to do so. After Hafsa's death ([[45]]/665), the mushaf was bequeathed to 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar. Once again Marwan sent someone to 'Abd Allah, seized the manuscript, and then commanded its destruction so that no doubts remain about 'Uthmani Mushafs. | |||
== Manner of Ruling == | == Manner of Ruling == | ||
In the short period of his caliphate most of which was spent in war, Abu Bakr did not establish any program or important foundation. Along with reinforcing his caliphate, he tried to show that he was following the [[Qur'an]] and the tradition of the [[Prophet (s)]] in ruling. Some of his actions such as sending the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] despite the objection of other companions supports this idea. However, whenever ruling required, he would solve issues with his personal [[ijtihad]]. Ibn Sa'd quoted Ibn Sirin as saying that, after the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr was the most courageous person in making ijtihad based on his personal opinions. | In the short period of his caliphate most of which was spent in war, Abu Bakr did not establish any program or important foundation. Along with reinforcing his caliphate, he tried to show that he was following the [[Qur'an]] and the tradition of the [[Prophet (s)]] in ruling. Some of his actions such as sending the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] despite the objection of other companions supports this idea. However, whenever ruling required, he would solve issues with his personal [[ijtihad]]. Ibn Sa'd quoted Ibn Sirin as saying that, after the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr was the most courageous person in making ijtihad based on his personal opinions.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 2, p. 177-178.</ref> | ||
Although Diwan al-'Ata' (Office of Donations) was first established during the caliphate of | Although Diwan al-'Ata' (Office of Donations) was first established during the caliphate of Umar,<ref>Abū ʿUbayd, ‘’al-Amwāl’’, p. 221.</ref> according to sources, it existed in some form during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. According to [[Muhammad b. Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd]]<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 213.</ref> and [[Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari|Ibn al-Athir]],<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh’’, vol. 2, p. 422.</ref> before transferring his treasury to [[Medina]], it was in Sanh and he had appointed guards on it, because whatever reached there, he shared among Muslims and did not remain anything. After transferring treasury to Medina, he put it in his house. Ibn Sa'd says that after the death of Abu Bakr, [['Umar]] opened the treasury in the presence of the elders and there he found nothing but a Dinar left from a money bag.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh’’, vol. 2, p. 422; Ibn Saʿd, ‘’al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā’’, vol. 3, p. 213; Yaʿqūbī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī’’, vol. 2, p. 134, 154.</ref> | ||
== Agents == | == Agents == | ||