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'''Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfa''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|أبو بكر بن أبي قُحافة}}) (d. [[13]]/634) was one of the [[companions]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]. Shortly after the Prophet's (s) demise, Abu Bakr and some other companions of the Prophet (s) gathered in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]] to choose the [[caliph]] of Muslims against the will of the Prophet (s) regarding the caliphate of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. | '''Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfa''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|أبو بكر بن أبي قُحافة}}) (d. [[13]]/634) was one of the [[companions]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]. Shortly after the Prophet's (s) demise, Abu Bakr and some other companions of the Prophet (s) gathered in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]] to choose the [[caliph]] of Muslims against the will of the Prophet (s) regarding the caliphate of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. | ||
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According to [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]]'s quotation from his teacher Abu Ja'far al-Iskafi, "Abu Bakr neither threw an arrow, draw a sword nor spilled any blood."<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 13, p. 170.</ref> | According to [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]]'s quotation from his teacher Abu Ja'far al-Iskafi, "Abu Bakr neither threw an arrow, draw a sword nor spilled any blood."<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 13, p. 170.</ref> | ||
In the Battle of Khaybar, the [[Prophet (s)]] sent both Abu Bakr and [[Umar b. al-Khattab]] for taking Khaybar castle, but neither of whom were successful. Then, the Prophet (s) said, "tomorrow, I will give the banner to a person who loves God and His messenger (s) and God and His messenger (s) love him and he will take Khaybar castle." | In the Battle of Khaybar, the [[Prophet (s)]] sent both Abu Bakr and [[Umar b. al-Khattab]] for taking Khaybar castle, but neither of whom were successful. Then, the Prophet (s) said, "tomorrow, I will give the banner to a person who loves God and His messenger (s) and God and His messenger (s) love him and he will take Khaybar castle." Afterward, he (s) called [[Imam Ali (a)]] and gave the banner to him and he (a) could take the castle.<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 2, p. 412; Ibn Abī Shayba, ''al-Muṣannaf'', vol. 6, p. 367; Ījī, ''al-Mawāqif'', vol. 3, p. 634.</ref> | ||
Toward the end of the Prophet's (s) life, he (s) prepared an army to fight with Romans and while there were famous people such as Abu Bakr in the army, the Prophet (s) appointed [[Usama b. Zayd]] as the commander of the army.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 113.</ref> | Toward the end of the Prophet's (s) life, he (s) prepared an army to fight with Romans and while there were famous people such as Abu Bakr in the army, the Prophet (s) appointed [[Usama b. Zayd]] as the commander of the army.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 113.</ref> | ||
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[[Shi'a]] scholars have questioned different aspects of the story of Abu Bakr's prayer in the days of the Prophet's (s) illness. | [[Shi'a]] scholars have questioned different aspects of the story of Abu Bakr's prayer in the days of the Prophet's (s) illness. | ||
#They believe that although Aisha's reports are unanimous about this issue, this report does not reach [[tawatur]] (frequency) and they cannot provide justification. On the other hand, there is a possibility that Aisha has made | #They believe that although Aisha's reports are unanimous about this issue, this report does not reach [[tawatur]] (frequency) and they cannot provide justification. On the other hand, there is a possibility that Aisha has made use of this report for herself.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sirat al-nabīyy'', vol. 32, p. 316.</ref> | ||
#Also, as agreed by all historians and biographers,<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 159-160; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 189-190; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 184-186.</ref> in those days, Abu Bakr had to be in Jurf camp and in the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] by the order of the [[Prophet (s)]], not in [[Medina]]. Therefore, if he has held a prayer for the people in Medina, it could not be by the order of the Prophet (s). | #Also, as agreed by all historians and biographers,<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 159-160; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 189-190; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 184-186.</ref> in those days, Abu Bakr had to be in Jurf camp and in the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] by the order of the [[Prophet (s)]], not in [[Medina]]. Therefore, if he has held a prayer for the people in Medina, it could not be by the order of the Prophet (s). | ||
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Having based their arguments on Sunni sources, [[Shi'a]] researchers have shown that since the time Fadak was confiscated by the order of Abu Bakr, many times before her short life, Lady Fatima (a) argued against him for her rights before the eyes of the people of [[Medina]]. The manner and also the treatment of the agents of Abu Bakr upon attacking the house of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] for taking his allegiance made Fatima (a) so angry of him that she never again talked to Abu Bakr and forbade [[A'isha]] and Abu Bakr's attendance upon her body for the funeral.<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 314; Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 82; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 16, p. 218.</ref> | Having based their arguments on Sunni sources, [[Shi'a]] researchers have shown that since the time Fadak was confiscated by the order of Abu Bakr, many times before her short life, Lady Fatima (a) argued against him for her rights before the eyes of the people of [[Medina]]. The manner and also the treatment of the agents of Abu Bakr upon attacking the house of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] for taking his allegiance made Fatima (a) so angry of him that she never again talked to Abu Bakr and forbade [[A'isha]] and Abu Bakr's attendance upon her body for the funeral.<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 314; Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 82; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 16, p. 218.</ref> | ||
It is said that once after hearing Fatima's (a) reasons while she was crying, Abu Bakr wrote a document of her ownership of Fadak, but when [['Umar b. al-Khattab| | It is said that once after hearing Fatima's (a) reasons while she was crying, Abu Bakr wrote a document of her ownership of Fadak, but when [['Umar b. al-Khattab|Umar]] found out about it, objected to Abu Bakr, and torn the document.<ref>Ḥalabī, ''al-Sīra al-Ḥalabīyya'', vol. 3, p. 362.</ref> | ||
Some Sunni scholars considered confiscation of Fadak an instance of judgment and within the competence of the caliph; but, [[Shi'a]], with regards to the fact that the confiscation has only happened during the rule of Abu Bakr and in sources, there are reports about his abundant giving from the national treasury to people in order to reinforce his caliphate, they seriously criticized this action of Abu Bakr and offending Fatima (a) which according to the Prophet (s) was equal to offending God and His messenger (s) and regarded it a great sin of Abu Bakr and among criticisms leveled against him.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 222; Mufīd, ''al-Jamal wa l-nuṣra'', p. 59.</ref> | Some Sunni scholars considered confiscation of Fadak an instance of judgment and within the competence of the caliph; but, [[Shi'a]], with regards to the fact that the confiscation has only happened during the rule of Abu Bakr and in sources, there are reports about his abundant giving from the national treasury to people in order to reinforce his caliphate, they seriously criticized this action of Abu Bakr and offending Fatima (a) which according to the Prophet (s) was equal to offending God and His messenger (s) and regarded it a great sin of Abu Bakr and among criticisms leveled against him.<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 222; Mufīd, ''al-Jamal wa l-nuṣra'', p. 59.</ref> | ||
== Sending the Army of Usama == | == Sending the Army of Usama == | ||
The first or second official and governmental action of Abu Bakr after confiscating [[Fadak]] was equipping the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]]. Despite the chaos in [[Arab peninsula]] (apostasy of some tribes, the emergence of false prophets, revolts of Jews and Christians, and other possible uprisings) and opposite to the opinions of his two consultants [[ | The first or second official and governmental action of Abu Bakr after confiscating [[Fadak]] was equipping the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]]. Despite the chaos in [[Arab peninsula]] (apostasy of some tribes, the emergence of false prophets, revolts of Jews and Christians, and other possible uprisings) and opposite to the opinions of his two consultants [[Umar b. al-Khattab|Umar]] and [[Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah|Abu 'Ubayda]] who deemed sending off the army of Usama in such a critical situation unwise, Abu Bakr thought of it as necessary apparently to follow the orders of the [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>ʿAẓm, ''Ashhar mashāhīr al-Islām'', p. 24-25; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 225-226; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 1121.</ref> | ||
== Ridda Wars == | == Ridda Wars == | ||
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# A majority were waiting<ref>Fayyāḍ, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', p. 131; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 241.</ref> | # A majority were waiting<ref>Fayyāḍ, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', p. 131; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 241.</ref> | ||
Some regarded some of these battles and also Abu Bakr's approval of [[Khalid b. Walid]] in killing [[Malik b. Nuwayra]] against [[Qur'an|the Book]] and the [[Sunnat al-Nabi|tradition of the Prophet (s)]] and a criticism leveled against Abu Bakr.<ref>Sayyid Murtaḍā, ''al-Shāfī fī l-imāma'', vol. 4, p. 161-167; Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''Shīʿa dar Islām'', p. 11.</ref> Opinions of some elders of the Companions and Sunni people such as [[Abu Qatada al-Ansari]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] and even | Some regarded some of these battles and also Abu Bakr's approval of [[Khalid b. Walid]] in killing [[Malik b. Nuwayra]] against [[Qur'an|the Book]] and the [[Sunnat al-Nabi|tradition of the Prophet (s)]] and a criticism leveled against Abu Bakr.<ref>Sayyid Murtaḍā, ''al-Shāfī fī l-imāma'', vol. 4, p. 161-167; Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''Shīʿa dar Islām'', p. 11.</ref> Opinions of some elders of the Companions and Sunni people such as [[Abu Qatada al-Ansari]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] and even Umar himself about the murder of Malik b. Nuwayra was the same as [[Shi'a]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 4, p. 295-296; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 278-280; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 131-132.</ref> | ||
As Abu Bakr had ordered the commanders of armies, despite his moderate appearance, he himself was also | As Abu Bakr had ordered the commanders of armies, despite his moderate appearance, he himself was also earnest in suppressing the rebels and punishing them. | ||
This way, Abu Bakr began suppressing dissidents of his caliphate and enemies of Islam and with the help of Muslims, he could soon, almost two months and a half (since [[Jumada I]] or [[Jumada II]] [[11 AH]] until the end of the same year) suppress revolts in nearer regions and suppress more distant regions and the trouble of false prophets Aswad Anasi, Tulayha b. Khuwaylid, Sajah, and [[Musaylama al-Kadhdhab|Musaylama]] until the half of the next year and in just one year made the whole Arab peninsula under the banner of Islam, the way it was back at the time of the Prophet (s). | This way, Abu Bakr began suppressing dissidents of his caliphate and enemies of Islam and with the help of Muslims, he could soon, almost two months and a half (since [[Jumada I]] or [[Jumada II]] [[11 AH]] until the end of the same year) suppress revolts in nearer regions and suppress more distant regions and the trouble of false prophets Aswad Anasi, Tulayha b. Khuwaylid, Sajah, and [[Musaylama al-Kadhdhab|Musaylama]] until the half of the next year and in just one year made the whole Arab peninsula under the banner of Islam, the way it was back at the time of the Prophet (s). | ||
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== Compiling the Qur'an == | == Compiling the Qur'an == | ||
After the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] and events such as the [[Event of Yamama]] ([[11 AH]]/632-633) and the massacre of many of the [[companions]] and reciters of the [[Qur'an]], Muslims felt the need to compile the Qur'an more than ever. Knowing the exact steps made in this regard through different reports is very difficult so that even the role of Abu Bakr cannot be found with confidence. | After the demise of the [[Prophet (s)]] and events such as the [[Event of Yamama]] ([[11 AH]]/632-633) and the massacre of many of the [[companions]] and reciters of the [[Qur'an]], Muslims felt the need to compile the Qur'an more than ever. Knowing the exact steps made in this regard through different reports is very difficult so that even the role of Abu Bakr cannot be found with confidence. | ||
According to a report from [[al-Bukhari]] through [[Zayd b. Thabit]], after the massacre of Yamama, following an advice of [[Umar]], Abu Bakr called Zayd and ordered him to compile the Qur'an and Zayd after a while reflecting on this task, began to work on it and collected suras and verses from everywhere. According to this report, this compilation was with Abu Bakr until he died. Then, it was with | According to a report from [[al-Bukhari]] through [[Zayd b. Thabit]], after the massacre of Yamama, following an advice of [[Umar]], Abu Bakr called Zayd and ordered him to compile the Qur'an and Zayd after a while reflecting on this task, began to work on it and collected suras and verses from everywhere. According to this report, this compilation was with Abu Bakr until he died. Then, it was with Umar and then with his daughter [[Hafsa bt. Umar|Hafsa]].<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 6, p. 98-99.</ref> | ||
From other hadiths we can learn more about how Zayd's manuscripts, those of his companions and advisors, and the type of the manuscripts. According to these hadiths, [['Uthman]] borrowed this mushaf from Hafsa for the final compilation of the Qur'an, and unlike other manuscripts that he burned down, he returned it to Hafsa. Marwan b. al-Hakam (reign: 64-65/683-684), the ruler of Medina during the caliphate of [[Mu'awiya]], asked Hafsa to lend him the mushaf, but she refused to do so. After Hafsa's death ([[45]]/665), the mushaf was bequeathed to | From other hadiths we can learn more about how Zayd's manuscripts, those of his companions and advisors, and the type of the manuscripts. According to these hadiths, [['Uthman]] borrowed this mushaf from Hafsa for the final compilation of the Qur'an, and unlike other manuscripts that he burned down, he returned it to Hafsa. Marwan b. al-Hakam (reign: 64-65/683-684), the ruler of Medina during the caliphate of [[Mu'awiya]], asked Hafsa to lend him the mushaf, but she refused to do so. After Hafsa's death ([[45]]/665), the mushaf was bequeathed to Abd Allah b. Umar. Once again Marwan sent someone to 'Abd Allah, seized the manuscript, and then commanded its destruction so that no doubts remain about 'Uthmani Mushafs.<ref>Rāmyār, ''Tārīkh Qurʾān'', p. 304.</ref> | ||
==Manner of Ruling== | ==Manner of Ruling== | ||
In the short period of his caliphate most of which was spent in war, Abu Bakr did not establish any program or important foundation. Along with reinforcing his caliphate, he tried to show that he was following the [[Qur'an]] and the tradition of the [[Prophet (s)]] in the ruling. Some of his actions such as sending the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] despite the objection of other companions supports this idea. However, whenever ruling required, he would solve issues with his personal [[ijtihad]]. Ibn Sa'd quoted Ibn Sirin as saying that, after the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr was the most courageous person in making ijtihad based on his personal opinions.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 177-178.</ref> | In the short period of his caliphate most of which was spent in war, Abu Bakr did not establish any program or important foundation. Along with reinforcing his caliphate, he tried to show that he was following the [[Qur'an]] and the tradition of the [[Prophet (s)]] in the ruling. Some of his actions such as sending the army of [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] despite the objection of other companions supports this idea. However, whenever ruling required, he would solve issues with his personal [[ijtihad]]. Ibn Sa'd quoted Ibn Sirin as saying that, after the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr was the most courageous person in making ijtihad based on his personal opinions.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 177-178.</ref> | ||
Although Diwan al-'Ata' (Office of Donations) was first established during the caliphate of Umar,<ref>Abū ʿUbayd, ''al-Amwāl'', p. 221.</ref> according to sources, it existed in some form during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. According to [[Muhammad b. Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd]]<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 213.</ref> and [[Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari|Ibn al-Athir]],<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 422.</ref> before transferring his treasury to [[Medina]], it was in Sanh and he had appointed guards on it because whatever reached there, he shared among Muslims and did not remain anything. After transferring treasury to Medina, he put it in his house. Ibn Sa'd says that after the death of Abu Bakr, [[ | Although Diwan al-'Ata' (Office of Donations) was first established during the caliphate of Umar,<ref>Abū ʿUbayd, ''al-Amwāl'', p. 221.</ref> according to sources, it existed in some form during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. According to [[Muhammad b. Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd]]<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 213.</ref> and [[Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari|Ibn al-Athir]],<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 422.</ref> before transferring his treasury to [[Medina]], it was in Sanh and he had appointed guards on it because whatever reached there, he shared among Muslims and did not remain anything. After transferring treasury to Medina, he put it in his house. Ibn Sa'd says that after the death of Abu Bakr, [[Umar]] opened the treasury in the presence of the elders and there he found nothing but a Dinar left from a money bag.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 422; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 213; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 134, 154.</ref> | ||
== Agents == | == Agents == | ||
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Whenever Abu Bakr was not in [[Medina]], he would leave leading the prayer to 'Umar and appoint someone such as Uthman or [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] in his place in Medina.<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''Kitāb al-thiqāt'', vol. 2, p. 182-191; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 241-247.</ref> [[Al-Ya'qubi]] has listed [[fiqh]] scholars of the time of Abu Bakr as following: | Whenever Abu Bakr was not in [[Medina]], he would leave leading the prayer to 'Umar and appoint someone such as Uthman or [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] in his place in Medina.<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''Kitāb al-thiqāt'', vol. 2, p. 182-191; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 241-247.</ref> [[Al-Ya'qubi]] has listed [[fiqh]] scholars of the time of Abu Bakr as following: | ||
* [[ | * [[Ali (a)]] | ||
* | * Umar b. al-Khattab | ||
* [[Mu'adh b. Jabal]] | * [[Mu'adh b. Jabal]] | ||
* [[Ubayy b. Ka'b]] | * [[Ubayy b. Ka'b]] | ||
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== Appointing a Successor == | == Appointing a Successor == | ||
Like other reports of that time, reports about choosing and appointment of [[ | Like other reports of that time, reports about choosing and appointment of [[Umar]] for successorship are different. Although in most of such reports, there is a mention of Abu Bakr's consultation with some of the companions such as [[Abd al-Rahman b. Awf]] and [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] and others and also his wife and daughter [[Aisha]] and his sons. If all these reports are taken into account, it can clearly be inferred that Abu Bakr was determined about the appointment of Umar for the caliphate, because he rejected all objections of his counselors about Umar.<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''Kitāb al-thiqāt'', vol. 2, p. 191-192; Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 19; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 428.</ref> There are other shreds of evidence available showing that Abu Bakr had decided it since the beginning, including the following: | ||
* The [[Event of Saqifa]] and his suggestion for the caliphate of 'Umar | * The [[Event of Saqifa]] and his suggestion for the caliphate of 'Umar | ||
* Leaving the leadership of prayer and judgment to | * Leaving the leadership of prayer and judgment to Umar which were in his view, among the most important reasons of his superiority over others and a requirement of the leadership of the society | ||
* Asking [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] for permission on staying of | * Asking [[Usama b. Zayd|Usama]] for permission on staying of Umar in [[Medina]] as the assistant of the caliph | ||
According to al-Tabari<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 429.</ref> and Ibn Hibban,<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''Kitāb al-thiqāt'', vol. 2, p. 192.</ref> Abu Bakr called Uthman to a private meeting and told him: "write: in the name of God the most compassionate the most merciful. This is Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa's pledge to Muslim, and then …". At this time, Abu Bakr passed out, and 'Uthman continued writing on his own: "and then, I appoint Umar b. Khattab as my successor and I did the best for you." When Abu Bakr was back to consciousness, he asked 'Uthman to read out the letter. 'Uthman read what he wrote. When Abu Bakr heard 'Umar's name, he said "Allah Akbar" and then said, "did you fear that if I died when I passed out, people might have engaged in disputes?" 'Uthman said, "yes." | According to al-Tabari<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 429.</ref> and Ibn Hibban,<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''Kitāb al-thiqāt'', vol. 2, p. 192.</ref> Abu Bakr called Uthman to a private meeting and told him: "write: in the name of God the most compassionate the most merciful. This is Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa's pledge to Muslim, and then …". At this time, Abu Bakr passed out, and 'Uthman continued writing on his own: "and then, I appoint Umar b. Khattab as my successor and I did the best for you." When Abu Bakr was back to consciousness, he asked 'Uthman to read out the letter. 'Uthman read what he wrote. When Abu Bakr heard 'Umar's name, he said "Allah Akbar" and then said, "did you fear that if I died when I passed out, people might have engaged in disputes?" 'Uthman said, "yes." | ||
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According to accounts provided by al-Ya'qubi<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 136-137.</ref> and ibn Qutayba,<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 19. </ref> Abu Bakr did not pass out. On these accounts, the texts of the pledge are different from other sources and from one another. Ibn Qutayba's hadith is more detailed. On this account, Abu Bakr then said, "I do not know the hidden, but I hope that he is a just man. If he becomes unjust, then God knows that I had good intentions." | According to accounts provided by al-Ya'qubi<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 136-137.</ref> and ibn Qutayba,<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 19. </ref> Abu Bakr did not pass out. On these accounts, the texts of the pledge are different from other sources and from one another. Ibn Qutayba's hadith is more detailed. On this account, Abu Bakr then said, "I do not know the hidden, but I hope that he is a just man. If he becomes unjust, then God knows that I had good intentions." | ||
According to Ibn Hibban's hadith, when Abu Bakr heard the pledge from 'Uthman, he raised his two hands to the sky and said, "O God! I gave him the guardianship without having command from Your Messenger, and in this, I just intend people's good and prevent seditions … I speculated on my personal opinion, and I appointed the best and the most powerful man, and I never intended to | According to Ibn Hibban's hadith, when Abu Bakr heard the pledge from 'Uthman, he raised his two hands to the sky and said, "O God! I gave him the guardianship without having command from Your Messenger, and in this, I just intend people's good and prevent seditions … I speculated on my personal opinion, and I appointed the best and the most powerful man, and I never intended to support 'Umar personally."<ref>Ibn Ḥibbān, ''Kitāb al-thiqāt'', vol. 2, p. 192-193.</ref> | ||
According to Ibn Hibban's account, Abu Bakr then addressed people: "if you would prefer, you could gather and consult and give the guardianship to whomever you would like, and if you prefer my personal opinion, …". He cried at this time and people cried too. They told him, "O the successor of the messenger of God! You are better and more knowledgeable than us …". He then called 'Umar and gave him the letter so that he reads it to people. On his way to the mosque, a man told 'Umar: "Abu Hafs! What is in the letter?" He replied, "I do not know. But whatever it is, I will be the first person to listen and obey." The man said, "I swear to God that I know what is in the letter. The first year you made him the emir, and this year he has made you the emir."<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 19-20; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 199-200; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 428-430.</ref> | According to Ibn Hibban's account, Abu Bakr then addressed people: "if you would prefer, you could gather and consult and give the guardianship to whomever you would like, and if you prefer my personal opinion, …". He cried at this time and people cried too. They told him, "O the successor of the messenger of God! You are better and more knowledgeable than us …". He then called 'Umar and gave him the letter so that he reads it to people. On his way to the mosque, a man told 'Umar: "Abu Hafs! What is in the letter?" He replied, "I do not know. But whatever it is, I will be the first person to listen and obey." The man said, "I swear to God that I know what is in the letter. The first year you made him the emir, and this year he has made you the emir."<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 19-20; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 199-200; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 428-430.</ref> | ||
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Opposite to this view, with regards to some [[Sunni]] sources, Lammens had a fully different view about Abu Bakr and believed that he was powerful, serious and aggressive, or angry and would sometimes push back even an obstinate person like [['Umar]]. | Opposite to this view, with regards to some [[Sunni]] sources, Lammens had a fully different view about Abu Bakr and believed that he was powerful, serious and aggressive, or angry and would sometimes push back even an obstinate person like [['Umar]]. | ||
Referring to a report from [[al-Baladhuri]],<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 415.</ref> he believes that the [[Prophet (s)]] had the same opinion about Abu Bakr and had called [[Aisha]] in aggression "true daughter of her father". Lammens believed that Abu Bakr not only due to higher age but also due to a calmer, milder, more insightful, and more tolerant appearance was superior to Umar and on the day of [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida|Saqifa]] led him like a student | Referring to a report from [[al-Baladhuri]],<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 415.</ref> he believes that the [[Prophet (s)]] had the same opinion about Abu Bakr and had called [[Aisha]] in aggression "true daughter of her father". Lammens believed that Abu Bakr not only due to higher age but also due to a calmer, milder, more insightful, and more tolerant appearance was superior to Umar and on the day of [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida|Saqifa]] led him like a student. Also, in the story of suppressing apostate rebels, having a determined decision despite the opinion of the elders of the companions, he did not fear the invasion of rebels to [[Medina]]. | ||
According to Lammens, an image of the personality of the first successor of the Prophet (s) which has been described in Islamic reports has been made out of different factors and that different religious, political, relationship, and tribal means have been used to spread it widely and quickly. | According to Lammens, an image of the personality of the first successor of the Prophet (s) which has been described in Islamic reports has been made out of different factors and that different religious, political, relationship, and tribal means have been used to spread it widely and quickly. | ||
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However, although he was among the few people who associated with the Prophet (s), only 142 narrations from the Prophet (s) have been quoted from him. | However, although he was among the few people who associated with the Prophet (s), only 142 narrations from the Prophet (s) have been quoted from him. | ||
According to some historical reports, when Abu Bakr was in Sanh, he lived with his wife Habiba, daughter of Kharija in a room made of dead branches of the date palm and until six or seven months after allegiance when he went to Medina, he did not add anything to it. During the day, he went to Medina sometimes on foot and sometimes riding a horse, and returned to his family after [['Isha prayer]]. In Sanh, he milked for his neighbors and took the sheep for pasturing, and continued to do so long after the allegiance.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 432; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 219; ʿAẓm, ''Ashhar mashāhīr al-Islām'', p. 89.</ref> | According to some historical reports, when Abu Bakr was in Sanh, he lived with his wife Habiba, daughter of Kharija in a room made of dead branches of the date palm, and until six or seven months after allegiance when he went to Medina, he did not add anything to it. During the day, he went to Medina sometimes on foot and sometimes riding a horse, and returned to his family after [['Isha prayer]]. In Sanh, he milked for his neighbors and took the sheep for pasturing, and continued to do so long after the allegiance.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 432; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 219; ʿAẓm, ''Ashhar mashāhīr al-Islām'', p. 89.</ref> | ||
From the same reports, it can be found that for a while after the caliphate, he went to the market in the morning putting on some clothes on his shoulder. This continued until Abu 'Ubayda, the responsible for treasury determined a salary for him.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 184-185.</ref> There is a disagreement regarding the amount of his salary. It is said that for him an amount of salary similar to that of one of the [[Immigrants]] was determined, equal to half or according to a report, a part of a sheep for daily food as well as summer and winter clothes. Also, there is a mention of 2500 to 6000 Dirham in a year.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 184-185; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 432.</ref> | From the same reports, it can be found that for a while after the caliphate, he went to the market in the morning putting on some clothes on his shoulder. This continued until Abu 'Ubayda, the responsible for treasury determined a salary for him.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 184-185.</ref> There is a disagreement regarding the amount of his salary. It is said that for him an amount of salary similar to that of one of the [[Immigrants]] was determined, equal to half or according to a report, a part of a sheep for daily food as well as summer and winter clothes. Also, there is a mention of 2500 to 6000 Dirham in a year.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 184-185; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 432.</ref> | ||