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Hisham b. al-Hakam: Difference between revisions
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There are different viewpoints as to the religious and intellectual inclinations of Hisham: | There are different viewpoints as to the religious and intellectual inclinations of Hisham: | ||
*Some regard Hisham a disciple of Abu Shakir al-Daysani, who was an atheist. However, this viewpoint is not reliable. | *Some regard Hisham a disciple of Abu Shakir al-Daysani, who was an atheist. However, this viewpoint is not reliable. | ||
*[[Ibn al-Nadim]] regards Hisham as a disciple of Jahm b. Safwan, who later joined [[Imamiyya]]. The similarity between some of the viewpoints attributed to Hisham with those attributed to Jahm is an indication of his being a Jahmite for some time in his life. | *[[Ibn al-Nadim]] regards Hisham as a disciple of [[Jahm b. Safwan]], who later joined [[Imamiyya]]. The similarity between some of the viewpoints attributed to Hisham with those attributed to Jahm is an indication of his being a [[Jahmite]] for some time in his life. | ||
* The third viewpoint is that he was one of the greatest Imami scholars and knowledgeable companions of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] and [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]. | * The third viewpoint is that he was one of the greatest Imami scholars and knowledgeable companions of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] and [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]. | ||
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It has been reported that Hisham was critical of philosophers, which indicates his familiarity with their ideas. | It has been reported that Hisham was critical of philosophers, which indicates his familiarity with their ideas. | ||
Hisham was also familiar with traditional sciences. ''Kitab al-alfaz'' (the Book of Words), which is regarded as the first work in [[Usul al-fiqh]], belongs to him. His Usuli viewpoints include the authority of [[mutawatir]] hadith, [[istishab]], and consensus. | Hisham was also familiar with traditional sciences. ''Kitab al-alfaz'' (the Book of Words), which is regarded as the first work in [[Usul al-fiqh]], belongs to him. His Usuli viewpoints include the authority of [[mutawatir]] hadith, [[istishab]], and [[Ijma'|consensus]]. | ||
==Teachers and Students== | ==Teachers and Students== | ||
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Among the students of Hisham are the following: | Among the students of Hisham are the following: | ||
* [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]] | * [[Yunus b. 'Abd al-Rahman]] | ||
* Abu Ja'far Muhammad b. Jalil al-Sakkak | * [[Abu Ja'far Muhammad b. Jalil al-Sakkak]] | ||
* Abu l-Hasan Ali b. Mansur | * [[Abu l-Hasan Ali b. Mansur]] | ||
* [['Ali b. Isma'il Maythami]] | |||
Prominent figures, such as [[Muhammad b. Abi 'Umayr]] (d. 217/832), Nashit b. Salih, [['Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]] (d. 252/866), transmitted hadith from Hisham, who in turn transmitted hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a) and Imam al-Kazim (a). Some of the prominent [[Mu'tazilite]], such as al-Nazzam, were, influenced by him. | Prominent figures, such as [[Muhammad b. Abi 'Umayr]] (d. 217/832), [[Nashit b. Salih]], [['Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]] (d. 252/866), transmitted hadith from Hisham, who in turn transmitted hadith from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] and [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]. Some of the prominent [[Mu'tazilite]], such as [[al-Nazzam]], were, influenced by him. | ||
==Debates== | ==Debates== | ||
Hisham was very skillful in debating. He debated with prominent figures of the Mu'tazila, such as Abu 'Uthman 'Amr b. 'Ubayd, (d. 144/761-762), the second leader of the Mu'tazila, 'Abd al-Rahman b. Kaysan (d. 200/815-816), Abu l-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (d. 144/761-762), and al-Nazzam (d. 231/845-846) | Hisham was very skillful in debating. He debated with prominent figures of the Mu'tazila, such as [[Abu 'Uthman 'Amr b. 'Ubayd]], (d. 144/761-762), the second leader of the Mu'tazila, [['Abd al-Rahman b. Kaysan]] (d. 200/815-816), [[Abu l-Hudhayl al-'Allaf]] (d. 144/761-762), and al-Nazzam (d. 231/845-846) | ||
==Virtues== | ==Virtues== | ||
Hisham has been praised for his virtues, especially his tolerance, an instance of which was his business partnership with 'Abd Allah b. Yazid al-Ibadi, with whom he had deep differences in belief. | Hisham has been praised for his virtues, especially his tolerance, an instance of which was his business partnership with [['Abd Allah b. Yazid al-Ibadi]], with whom he had deep differences in belief. | ||
Participating in different debates attests to his courage. | Participating in different debates attests to his courage. | ||
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Hisham believed that the necessity of prophet-hood and of imamate is the same, having to do with preventing conflict and promoting amity in the society and informing people of divine laws among other things. | Hisham believed that the necessity of prophet-hood and of imamate is the same, having to do with preventing conflict and promoting amity in the society and informing people of divine laws among other things. | ||
Hisham was one of the most prominent theologians of his time, who debated with other theologians over the issue of [[imamate]]. He believed that the Imam must be appointed by God, and not by people. | Hisham was one of the most prominent theologians of his time, who debated with other theologians over the issue of [[imamate]]. He believed that the Imam must be appointed by God, and not by people. He believed that the Imam is [[infallible]] because he knows the reality of the sin; on the one hand, and is aware of the presence of God, on the other. According to Hisham, the Imam must be the person among the people of his time. He must be the bravest and the most generous of them. | ||
He believed that the Imam is [[infallible]] because he knows the reality of the sin | |||
According to Hisham, the Imam must be the person among the people of his time. He must be the bravest and the most generous of them. | |||
==Works== | ==Works== | ||
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*''Al-Alfaz'' | *''Al-Alfaz'' | ||
*''Al-Akhbar kayf tuftah'' | *''Al-Akhbar kayf tuftah'' | ||
*''Asl | *''Asl li l-Hisham'' | ||
*''Kitab al-mirath'' | *''Kitab al-mirath'' | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
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*''Al-Imama'' | *''Al-Imama'' | ||
*''Al-Tadbir fi l-imama'' | *''Al-Tadbir fi l-imama'' | ||
*''Al-Wasiyya wa l- | *''Al-Wasiyya wa l-radd 'ala man ankaraha'' | ||
*''Ikhtilaf al- | *''Ikhtilaf al-nass fi l-imama'' | ||
*''Al-Majalis fi l-imama'' | *''Al-Majalis fi l-imama'' | ||
*''Al-Tamyiz wa ithbat al-hujaj 'ala man khalafa l-Shi'a'' | *''Al-Tamyiz wa ithbat al-hujaj 'ala man khalafa l-Shi'a'' | ||
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*''Al-Jabr wa l-qadar'' | *''Al-Jabr wa l-qadar'' | ||
*''Al-Ma'rifa'' | *''Al-Ma'rifa'' | ||
*''Al-Majalis fi | *''Al-Majalis fi l-tawhid'' | ||
*''Al-Qadar'' | *''Al-Qadar'' | ||
*''Al-Dilala 'ala huduth al-ashya''' | *''Al-Dilala 'ala huduth al-ashya''' | ||
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*''Al-Radd 'ala ashab al-taba'i''' | *''Al-Radd 'ala ashab al-taba'i''' | ||
*''Al-Radd 'ala Aristotle fi l-tawhid'' | *''Al-Radd 'ala Aristotle fi l-tawhid'' | ||
*''Al-Radd 'ala man | *''Al-Radd 'ala man qala bi imama l-mafdul'' | ||
*''Al-Radd 'ala al-Mu'tazila'' | *''Al-Radd 'ala al-Mu'tazila'' | ||
*''Al-Radd 'ala al-Mu'tazila fi amr Talha wa l-Zubayr'' | *''Al-Radd 'ala al-Mu'tazila fi amr Talha wa l-Zubayr'' | ||
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== References== | == References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/هشام_بن_حکم هشام بن حکم] in Farsi Wikishia. | * The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/هشام_بن_حکم {{ia|هشام بن حکم}}] in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||