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Zaydiyya: Difference between revisions
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==Zaydi Imams== | ==Zaydi Imams== | ||
=Zaydi Dynasties= | ==Zaydi Dynasties== | ||
Zaydis established independent dynasties in North Africa, Tabaristan, and Yemen. | Zaydis established independent dynasties in North Africa, Tabaristan, and Yemen. | ||
The Idrisid rule in | ===Northern Africa=== | ||
==Yemen== | {{main|Idrisid dynasty}} | ||
Zaydi rule in Yemen was first established by Yahya b. al-Husayn b. Qasim al-Rassi, a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a), also called al-Hadi ila al-Haqq, in 284 | As explained above, the [[Idrisid dynasty]] was the first Zaydi dynasty in Morocco, established in 172/788-9 by Idris b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan b. al-Hasan b. Ali (a), the brother of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya. | ||
The Idrisid rule in Morocco lasted as an independent dynasty until 305/917-8, when the [[Fatimid dynasty]] appeared in Egypt and so the Idrisids had no choice but to accept their rule. Thus, the Idrisids ruled in Fas under the authority of the Fatimids until 375/985-6. Afterwards, the Idrisid dynasty came to an end, and consequently the Zaydiyya gradually disappeared from North Africa. | |||
===Yemen=== | |||
Zaydi rule in Yemen was first established by Yahya b. al-Husayn b. Qasim al-Rassi, a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a), also called al-Hadi ila al-Haqq, in 284/897. He made Saadah his capital and Zaydism the state religion in Yemen. | |||
Zaydi rule in Yemen witnessed three periods of great power: | Zaydi rule in Yemen witnessed three periods of great power: | ||
* From the time of al-Hadi ila al-Haqq in 284 until the second half of the fourth century AH at the time of al-Mansur bi Allah, al-Qasim b. Ali al-Iyani, a descendant of al-Qasim al-Rassi. This period came to an end by the beginning of the fifth century AH when Isma'ili Sulayhids repeatedly defeated Zaydi Imams, resulting in a period of decline which lasted until the end of the sixth century AH. | * From the time of al-Hadi ila al-Haqq in 284/897 until the second half of the fourth century AH at the time of al-Mansur bi Allah, al-Qasim b. Ali al-Iyani, a descendant of al-Qasim al-Rassi. This period came to an end by the beginning of the fifth century AH when Isma'ili Sulayhids repeatedly defeated Zaydi Imams, resulting in a period of decline which lasted until the end of the sixth century AH. | ||
* The second period started in the late sixth century AH by 'Abd Allah b. Hamza and lasted until the eleventh century AH when Isma'il al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah (d. 1087) was the Imam. | * The second period started in the late sixth century AH by 'Abd Allah b. Hamza and lasted until the eleventh century AH when Isma'il al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah (d.1087) was the Imam. | ||
* The third period started with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in 1377/1918, when Yahya b. Muhammad Hamid al-Din was the Zaydi Imam of Yemen. | * The third period started with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1377/1918, when Yahya b. Muhammad Hamid al-Din was the Zaydi Imam of Yemen. | ||
Imam Yahya was assassinated by Yemeni revolutionaries in 1367/1948, but this did not end Zaydi rule, as Imam Yahya's son, Ahmad b. Yahya, succeeded his father and continued Zaydi rule. However, when Badr b. Ahmad came to power, the centuries long Zaydi rule was no longer able to resist the opposition, called republicans and modernists—it was overthrown by a coup led by | |||
==Iran== | Imam Yahya was assassinated by Yemeni revolutionaries in 1367/1948, but this did not end Zaydi rule, as Imam Yahya's son, Ahmad b. Yahya, succeeded his father and continued Zaydi rule. However, when Badr b. Ahmad came to power, the centuries long Zaydi rule was no longer able to resist the opposition, called republicans and modernists—it was overthrown by a coup led by Abd Allah al-Sallal and the support of the government of Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir in 1382/1962. | ||
===Iran=== | |||
Zaydi Rule in Iran was established in Tabaristan and Daylaman, allegedly by al-Hasan b. Zayd b. Isma'il, also known as Da'i Kabir. This rule lasted until 316 AH. | Zaydi Rule in Iran was established in Tabaristan and Daylaman, allegedly by al-Hasan b. Zayd b. Isma'il, also known as Da'i Kabir. This rule lasted until 316 AH. | ||
===Zaydiyya in Northern Iran== | |||
According to some reports, Zaydis entered Iran in early 2nd century AH, and their first uprising was that of Yahya b. Zayd who revolted against the Umayyads in Sabziwar and was killed in 126 | ====Zaydiyya in Northern Iran==== | ||
According to some reports, Zaydis entered Iran in early 2nd century AH, and their first uprising was that of [[Yahya b. Zayd]] who revolted against the Umayyads in [[Sabziwar]] and was killed in 126/. The people of Sabziwar named all their children Yahya to show their sympathy and support for him. | |||
After him, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan came to Iran and secretly settled in Daylam and called people to support his Imamte and was able to gain supporters. However, his uprising failed as Fadl b. Yahya al-Barmaki, the commander of Harun al-Rashid's army, was able to make Yahya's supporters leave him by threatening or bribing them. As a result, Yahya had to make peace with Fadl and return to Baghdad, where he was sent to jail. Yahya passed away there in 172 AH. | After him, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan came to Iran and secretly settled in Daylam and called people to support his Imamte and was able to gain supporters. However, his uprising failed as Fadl b. Yahya al-Barmaki, the commander of Harun al-Rashid's army, was able to make Yahya's supporters leave him by threatening or bribing them. As a result, Yahya had to make peace with Fadl and return to Baghdad, where he was sent to jail. Yahya passed away there in 172 AH. | ||
Although Zaydis were not able to gain a firm footing in Iran until the third century AH, their activities led to the promotion of Zaydism in Iran in the third century AH and afterwards. | Although Zaydis were not able to gain a firm footing in Iran until the third century AH, their activities led to the promotion of Zaydism in Iran in the third century AH and afterwards. | ||
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==Dominance of Imamiyya in Iran== | ==Dominance of Imamiyya in Iran== | ||
In the Safavid period, Shah Tahmasp defeated Khan Ahmad Gilani, the last ruler of the Al Kiya dynasty. According to some historians Khan Ahmad left Zaydism in 960 AH, and as a result the people of Northern Iran converted to Twelver Shiism. | In the Safavid period, Shah Tahmasp defeated Khan Ahmad Gilani, the last ruler of the Al Kiya dynasty. According to some historians Khan Ahmad left Zaydism in 960 AH, and as a result the people of Northern Iran converted to Twelver Shiism. | ||
=Zaydiyya in the 15th century AH= | =Zaydiyya in the 15th century AH= | ||
Since the third century AH, Yemen has been the main place of Zaydi settlement. Since the second half of the twentieth century the one-thousand-year long rule of Zaydi Imams was dissolved, which led to persecution and discrimination against Zaydis by the Republican government ever since. However, the decision of Zaydi leaders and scholars to revive Zaydi political and cultural role and heritage through establishing political parties and religious and scholarly centers has led to an increase of Zaydi influence among Yemeni people and tribes. As a result, the Houthi revolution in 2014 was supported by many Yemeni people which marked the great movement of Ansar Allah in Yemen. | Since the third century AH, Yemen has been the main place of Zaydi settlement. Since the second half of the twentieth century the one-thousand-year long rule of Zaydi Imams was dissolved, which led to persecution and discrimination against Zaydis by the Republican government ever since. However, the decision of Zaydi leaders and scholars to revive Zaydi political and cultural role and heritage through establishing political parties and religious and scholarly centers has led to an increase of Zaydi influence among Yemeni people and tribes. As a result, the Houthi revolution in 2014 was supported by many Yemeni people which marked the great movement of Ansar Allah in Yemen. | ||