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Zaydi rule in Yemen was first established by [[Yahya b. al-Husayn b. Qasim al-Rassi]], a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a), also called al-Hadi ila al-haqq, in 284/897. He made [[Sa'dah]] his capital and Zaydism the state religion in Yemen. | Zaydi rule in Yemen was first established by [[Yahya b. al-Husayn b. Qasim al-Rassi]], a descendant of Imam al-Hasan (a), also called al-Hadi ila al-haqq, in 284/897. He made [[Sa'dah]] his capital and Zaydism the state religion in Yemen. | ||
Zaydi rule in Yemen witnessed | Zaydi rule in Yemen witnessed four periods of great power: | ||
* From the time of al-Hadi ila al-haqq in 284/897 until the second half of the fourth century AH at the time of al-Mansur bi Allah, al-Qasim b. Ali al-Iyani, a descendant of al-Qasim al-Rassi. This period came to an end by the beginning of the fifth century AH when Isma'ili Sulayhids repeatedly defeated Zaydi Imams, resulting in a period of decline which lasted until the end of the sixth century AH. | * From the time of al-Hadi ila al-haqq in 284/897 until the second half of the fourth century AH at the time of [[al-Mansur bi Allah]], al-Qasim b. Ali al-'Iyani, a descendant of al-Qasim al-Rassi. This period came to an end by the beginning of the fifth century AH when [[Isma'ili]] Sulayhids repeatedly defeated Zaydi Imams, resulting in a period of decline which lasted until the end of the sixth century AH. | ||
* The second period started in the late sixth century AH by 'Abd Allah b. Hamza and lasted until the eleventh century AH when Isma'il al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah (d. | * The second period started in the late sixth century AH by 'Abd Allah b. Hamza and lasted until the eleventh century AH when Isma'il al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah (d. 566/1170-71) was the Imam. | ||
* The | * The forth period started with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1377/1918, when Yahya b. Muhammad Hamid al-Din was the Zaydi Imam of Yemen. | ||
Imam Yahya was assassinated by Yemeni revolutionaries in 1367/1948, but this did not end Zaydi rule, as Imam Yahya's son, Ahmad b. Yahya, succeeded his father and continued Zaydi rule. However, when Badr b. Ahmad came to power, the centuries long Zaydi rule was no longer able to resist the opposition, called republicans and modernists—it was overthrown by a coup led by Abd Allah al-Sallal and the support of the government of Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir in 1382/1962. | Imam Yahya was assassinated by Yemeni revolutionaries in 1367/1948, but this did not end Zaydi rule, as Imam Yahya's son, Ahmad b. Yahya, succeeded his father and continued Zaydi rule. However, when Badr b. Ahmad came to power, the centuries long Zaydi rule was no longer able to resist the opposition, called republicans and modernists—it was overthrown by a coup led by Abd Allah al-Sallal and the support of the government of Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir in 1382/1962. | ||
===Iran=== | ===Iran=== | ||
Zaydi Rule in Iran was established in Tabaristan and Daylaman, allegedly by al-Hasan b. Zayd b. Isma'il, also known as Da'i Kabir. This rule lasted until 316 AH. | Zaydi Rule in [[Iran]] was established in Tabaristan and Daylaman, allegedly by [[al-Hasan b. Zayd b. Isma'il]], also known as al-Da'i al-Kabir. This rule lasted until 316 AH/928-29. | ||
'''In Northern Iran''' | '''In Northern Iran''' | ||
According to some reports, Zaydis entered Iran in early 2nd century AH | {{main|Alids (Tabaristan)}} | ||
According to some reports, Zaydis entered Iran in early 2nd century AH (8th Century CE) and their first uprising was that of [[Yahya b. Zayd]] who revolted against the [[Umayyads]] in [[Sabziwar]] and was killed in 126/743-44. The people of Sabziwar named all their children Yahya to show their sympathy and support for him. | |||
After him, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan came to [[Iran]] and secretly settled in [[Daylam]] and called people to support his [[Imamate]] and was able to gain supporters. However, his uprising failed as Fadl b. Yahya al-Barmaki, the commander of Harun al-Rashid's army, was able to make Yahya's supporters leave him by threatening or bribing them. As a result, Yahya had to make peace with Fadl and return to Baghdad, where he was sent to jail. Yahya passed away there in 172/788-9. | After him, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan came to [[Iran]] and secretly settled in [[Daylam]] and called people to support his [[Imamate]] and was able to gain supporters. However, his uprising failed as Fadl b. Yahya al-Barmaki, the commander of Harun al-Rashid's army, was able to make Yahya's supporters leave him by threatening or bribing them. As a result, Yahya had to make peace with Fadl and return to [[Baghdad]], where he was sent to jail. Yahya passed away there in 172/788-9. | ||
Although Zaydis were not able to gain a firm footing in Iran until the third century AH, their activities led to the promotion of Zaydism in Iran in the third century AH and afterwards. | Although Zaydis were not able to gain a firm footing in Iran until the third century AH, their activities led to the promotion of Zaydism in Iran in the third century AH and afterwards. | ||
When the people of Tabaristan invited Da'i Kabir, he went there from | '''Al-Da'i al-Kabir''' | ||
When Da'i Kabir passed away, his brother Muhammad b. Zayd, called Da'i Saghir, became the ruler of Tabaristan. His reign lasted seventeen years until he was killed in a battle with the Samanids in 287/900. After this defeat, Tabaristan came under Samanid rule. | {{main|Hasan b. Zayd b. Muhammad}} | ||
When the people of Tabaristan invited al-Da'i al-Kabir, he went there from [[Rey]] in 250/864-65 and the people paid allegiance to him. After defeating the [[Tahirid]] governor, he entered [[Amol]] and ruled there for twenty years. | |||
When al-Da'i al-Kabir passed away, his brother Muhammad b. Zayd, called [[al-Da'i al-Saghir]], became the ruler of Tabaristan. His reign lasted seventeen years until he was killed in a battle with the Samanids in 287/900. After this defeat, Tabaristan came under Samanid rule. | |||
'''Nasir Utrush''' | |||
{{main|Hasan Utrush}} | |||
Thirteen years later, Hasan b. Ali b. al-Hasan, also known as Nasir Utrush or Nasir al-Kabir, was able to retake Tabaristan from the Samanids and enter Amol in 301/913-14. Nasir Utrush is one of the Zaydi Imams who produced many works. Unlike other Zaydi Imams who were more influenced by the [[Mu'tazila]], he was more inclined to the [[Imamiyya]]. | |||
After Nasir Utrush and the twelve-year long reign of his cousin al-Hasan b. al-Qasim, the Alid rule in Iran was dissolved and the Shi'a dynasty of [[Buyids]] was established. During the Buyid period, some Zaydi Imams were able to establish temporary, local rules in Iran. | After Nasir Utrush and the twelve-year long reign of his cousin al-Hasan b. al-Qasim, the Alid rule in Iran was dissolved and the Shi'a dynasty of [[Buyids]] was established. During the Buyid period, some Zaydi Imams were able to establish temporary, local rules in Iran. | ||
From the fourth century onwards, Zaydis were greatly supported and respected by the Buyids, such that, according to some historians, Zaydi Imams reached the zenith of their power and had Tabaristan, Daylam, [[Gilan]], and Gorgan under their control. An important development in Zaydi history in this period was the increase of intra-faith scholarly debates and conflicts. | From the fourth century onwards, Zaydis were greatly supported and respected by the Buyids, such that, according to some historians, Zaydi Imams reached the zenith of their power and had Tabaristan, Daylam, [[Gilan]], and Gorgan under their control. An important development in Zaydi history in this period was the increase of intra-faith scholarly debates and conflicts. | ||
There is no report as to Zaydi revolts in Northern Iran between 6th and 8th centuries. However, in 776 AH, the allegedly Zaydi dynasty of Al Kiya was established in Gilan by Sayyid Ali b. Sayyid Amir Kiya. | There is no report as to Zaydi revolts in Northern Iran between 6th and 8th centuries (12th-14th century CE). However, in 776 AH/1374-75, the allegedly Zaydi dynasty of Al Kiya was established in Gilan by Sayyid Ali b. Sayyid Amir Kiya. | ||
'''Dominance of Imamiyya in Iran''' | '''Dominance of Imamiyya in Iran''' | ||
In the [[Safavid]] period, Shah Tahmasp defeated Khan Ahmad Gilani, the last ruler of the Al Kiya dynasty. According to some historians Khan Ahmad left Zaydism in 960 AH, and as a result the people of Northern Iran converted to [[Twelver Shiism]]. | In the [[Safavid]] period, Shah Tahmasp defeated Khan Ahmad Gilani, the last ruler of the Al Kiya dynasty. According to some historians Khan Ahmad left Zaydism in 960 AH/1553, and as a result the people of Northern Iran converted to [[Twelver Shiism]]. | ||
==Nowadays== | ==Nowadays== | ||