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'''Al-Miʿraj''' (Arabic:المعراج, lit. ascent) or '''al-Isrāʾ''' (Arabic:الإسراء) is the nightly journey of [[the Prophet (s)]] from [[Mecca]] to [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and from there to the skies. Both [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] are unanimous regarding the happening of Mi'raj according to frequent [[verse]]s and [[hadith]]s, but they disagree regarding the time, place, times, condition, and physical or spiritual nature. This event happened in final years of the noble Prophet’s (s) | '''Al-Miʿraj''' (Arabic:المعراج, lit. ascent) or '''al-Isrāʾ''' (Arabic:الإسراء) is the nightly journey of [[the Prophet (s)]] from [[Mecca]] to [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and from there to the skies. Both [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] are unanimous regarding the happening of Mi'raj according to frequent [[verse]]s and [[hadith]]s, but they disagree regarding the time, place, times, condition, and physical or spiritual nature. This event happened in final years of the noble Prophet’s (s) stay in Mecca. In Mi'raj, the Prophet (s) saw divine signs and met the souls of some great prophets (s). | ||
== “Mi’raj” == | == “Mi’raj” == | ||
Literally, Mi’raj means “ladder, stairs and anything by which one can ascend” while in usage it refers to the nightly journey of the [[Prophet (s)]] from [[Mecca]] to [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and from there to the skies and reaching [[ | Literally, Mi’raj means “ladder, stairs and anything by which one can ascend” while in usage it refers to the nightly journey of the [[Prophet (s)]] from [[Mecca]] to [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and from there to the skies and reaching [[Sidrat al-Muntaha]] and the position of Divine [[Qab Qawsayn]]. | ||
== In the Qur’an and Hadiths == | == In the Qur’an and Hadiths == | ||
According to [[Fadl b. Hasan | According to [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi]], Mi’raj of the [[Prophet (s)]] is among the issues that Shi'a, Sunni, [[verses]] along with frequent hadiths support. | ||
The story of Mi’raj has been mentioned in | The story of Mi’raj has been mentioned in [[Sura al-Isra’]] and [[Sura al-Najm]] in the holy [[Qur'an]]. | ||
== Date == | == Date == | ||
Based on a famous report, this nightly journey of the [[Prophet (s)]] happened in the final years of his | Based on a famous report, this nightly journey of the [[Prophet (s)]] happened in the final years of his stay in [[Mecca]] (After the [[Bi'tha]] and before the [[Hijra]]), but there are discrepancies among narrations regarding the exact year and whether it was before the demise of [[Abu Talib]] or after it. | ||
== Nightly Journey == | == Nightly Journey == | ||
[[File:معراج.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Mi'raj painted by Mahmud Farshchian]] | [[File:معراج.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Mi'raj painted by Mahmud Farshchian]] | ||
From the two words of “Laylan” and “Asra” in the first verse of | From the two words of “Laylan” and “Asra” in the first verse of [[Sura al-Isra’]], it can be understood that this journey happened at night. But in the narrations, it is referred to with many differences as in which night it took place. In most cases, it has been narrated to have happened in one of the following nights: | ||
* Eve of [[Rabi’ al-Awwal 17]] | * Eve of [[Rabi’ al-Awwal 17]] | ||
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== Many Occasions == | == Many Occasions == | ||
According to some narrations, the [[Prophet (s)]] went to Mi’raj more than just once. [['Allama Tabataba'i]] regarded one of them from [[Masjid al-Haram]] and another from the house of Umm Hani and said that the first [[verses]] of the | According to some narrations, the [[Prophet (s)]] went to Mi’raj more than just once. [['Allama Tabataba'i]] regarded one of them from [[Masjid al-Haram]] and another from the house of Umm Hani and said that the first [[verses]] of the [[Sura al-Najm]] approves this. Also different opinions regarding the place, time and other details of Mi’raj can be justified through this theory. | ||
== Description of the Journey == | == Description of the Journey == | ||
In that night, archangel Gabriel came to the [[Prophet (s)]] and brought him a conveyance called [[Buraq]] and the Prophet (s) got on and moved toward [[Jerusalem]]. At the time of mounting on Buraq, it began to show disobedience and Gabriel hit it and told it, “Be calm o Buraq! Previously no prophet has ever mounted on you and in the future, no one like him would ever ride you.” After that hit, Buraq was calm and took him up which was not so high while Gabriel was with him. | In that night, archangel [[Gabriel]] came to the [[Prophet (s)]] and brought him a conveyance called [[Buraq]] and the Prophet (s) got on and moved toward [[Jerusalem]]. At the time of mounting on Buraq, it began to show disobedience and Gabriel hit it and told it, “Be calm o Buraq! Previously no prophet has ever mounted on you and in the future, no one like him would ever ride you.” After that hit, Buraq was calm and took him up which was not so high while Gabriel was with him. | ||
=== Entering al-Aqsa Mosque === | === Entering al-Aqsa Mosque === | ||
In the middle of the way, the Prophet (s) stopped in [[Medina]], mosque of [[Kufa]], [[Tur Sina]] and [[Bethlehem]] which is the birthplace of [[Jesus|Prophet Jesus]] ( | In the middle of the way, the Prophet (s) stopped in [[Medina]], mosque of [[Kufa]], [[Tur Sina]] and [[Bethlehem]] which is the birthplace of [[Jesus|Prophet Jesus]] (a) and prayed there. He (s) then entered [[al-Aqsa]] Mosque and prayed there too. | ||
Apparently, the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies from the mosque of [[Qubbat al-Sakhra]]. The reason for naming it is the existence of a rock inside it from where the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies. In the travel log of [[Nasir Khusraw]], it has been claimed that upon the entrance of the Prophet (s) to the mosque, that rock ascended before him and after his ascent that rock never came back to earth. | Apparently, the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies from the mosque of [[Qubbat al-Sakhra]]. The reason for naming it is the existence of a rock inside it from where the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies. In the travel log of [[Nasir Khusraw]], it has been claimed that upon the entrance of the Prophet (s) to the mosque, that rock ascended before him and after his ascent that rock never came back to earth. | ||
=== Sky of the World === | === Sky of the World === | ||
====Speaking with the Prophet Adam ( | ====Speaking with the Prophet Adam (a) ==== | ||
From there, the Prophet (s) ascended to the sky of this world and saw [[Prophet Adam ( | From there, the Prophet (s) ascended to the sky of this world and saw [[Prophet Adam (a)]] there. Then, angels came to welcome him in groups and greeted him smiling and congratulated him. There, the Prophet (s) saw an angel having a frowning and angry look and when greeting him (s), not smiling like others. When the Prophet (s) asked the name of that angel from Gabriel, he answered that, “this is Malik, guard of the hell and has never smiled and his wrath on the enemies of God and sinners is being increased incessantly.” The Prophet (s) then asked Gabriel to show him the hell and when he opened its cap, a flame rose out of it which filled the air. | ||
==== Conversing with Malik al-Mawt ==== | ==== Conversing with Malik al-Mawt ==== | ||
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== Condition of Mi’raj == | == Condition of Mi’raj == | ||
Most exegetes believe that the [[Prophet (s)]] went to [[Jerusalem]] and from there to skies with his body and soul. But, [[Khawarij]] denied it and also [[Jahmiyya]] and [[Shaykhiyya]] believed it happened spiritually only. | Most exegetes believe that the [[Prophet (s)]] went to [[Jerusalem]] and from there to skies with his body and soul. But, [[Khawarij]] denied it and also [[Jahmiyya]] and [[Shaykhiyya]] believed it happened spiritually only. | ||
According to some narrations, when the Prophet (s) arrived in [[Bayt Ma’mur]] and near [[ | According to some narrations, when the Prophet (s) arrived in [[Bayt al-Ma’mur]] and near [[Sidrat al-Muntaha]], some of his companions accompanied him. | ||
== Prophet’s (s) Reports from Mi’raj == | == Prophet’s (s) Reports from Mi’raj == | ||
On the night of Mi’raj, he (s) saw some great signs of God. There are some reports on what the Prophet (s) saw in the skies, dwellers of paradise, the hell and angels. | |||
According to narrations reported by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] and others, one of the places the Prophet (s) saw traveling above the earth was the land of [[Qom]] which glittered as a spot and when asked [[Gabriel]] about that spot, he answered, “It is the land of Qom, where believing servants and the followers of your household will gather and wait for deliverance and will endure hardships and grief.” | According to narrations reported by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] and others, one of the places the Prophet (s) saw traveling above the earth was the land of [[Qom]] which glittered as a spot and when asked [[Gabriel]] about that spot, he answered, “It is the land of Qom, where believing servants and the followers of your household will gather and wait for deliverance and will endure hardships and grief.” | ||
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== Fruits of Mi’raj == | == Fruits of Mi’raj == | ||
* Obligation of [[Prayer|daily prayer]] | * Obligation of [[Prayer|daily prayer]] | ||
* Last verses of | * Last verses of [[Sura al-Baqara]] | ||
* Revelation regarding the [[caliphate]] of [[Imam Ali (a)]] | * Revelation regarding the [[caliphate]] of [[Imam Ali (a)]] | ||
* Forgiving of sins except [[polytheism]] | * Forgiving of sins except [[polytheism]] | ||
* Advising about [[Hijama]] | * Advising about [[Hijama]] | ||
* [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]] reported that the [[Prophet (s)]] said, | * [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]] reported that the [[Prophet (s)]] said, “On the night when [[Gabriel]] took me to Mi’raj, when we came back, I told him, ‘O Gabriel, do you have any request from me?’ he said, ‘my request is that you send regards to [[Khadija]] on behalf of the Almighty God and on behalf of me.” When the Prophet (s) met Khadija, gave her regards from God and Gabriel and she replied, “Surly, [[Allah]], He is the Peace, and from Him is peace and towards Him is peace and with Gabriel be peace.” | ||
== Position of Mi’raj in Literature and Art == | == Position of Mi’raj in Literature and Art == | ||
Since the time of Al Jalayir, Mi’raj of the [[Prophet (s)]] has been among the most dominating themes for Iranian painting. There are pictures available from this period about the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj the oldest one of which is made by Ahmad Musa, one of the famous painters of this period. Pictures of the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj reached their pinnacle of illustration in the next period of painting in Iran which was the school of Harat. Many books have been found from this period especially at the time of Shahrokh which have pictured the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj. One of these books is Mir Haydar’s Mi’raj Nama in Uyghur language which has depicted different moments of Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj. In a picture, Shah Muzaffar Siyah Qalam has depicted the Prophet (s) at the time of Mi’raj riding the human faced [[Buraq]] which is accompanied by [[Gabriel]]. | Since the time of Al Jalayir, Mi’raj of the [[Prophet (s)]] has been among the most dominating themes for Iranian painting. There are pictures available from this period about the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj the oldest one of which is made by Ahmad Musa, one of the famous painters of this period. Pictures of the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj reached their pinnacle of illustration in the next period of painting in [[Iran]] which was the school of Harat. Many books have been found from this period especially at the time of Shahrokh which have pictured the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj. One of these books is Mir Haydar’s ''Mi’raj Nama'' in Uyghur language which has depicted different moments of Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj. In a picture, Shah Muzaffar Siyah Qalam has depicted the Prophet (s) at the time of Mi’raj riding the human faced [[Buraq]] which is accompanied by [[Gabriel]]. | ||
Nizami’s | Nizami’s ''Khamsas'' are among the most important books which have depicted pictures from the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj at the time of Timurids and periods contemporary with them. | ||
=== Mi’raj Painted by Sultan Muhammad === | === Mi’raj Painted by Sultan Muhammad === | ||
One of the most famous works of painting at the time of Safavids is a | One of the most famous works of painting at the time of Safavids is a Khamsa of Nizami belonging to the time of [[Shah Tahmasb]] which is a drawing of the famous scene of the Prophet’s (s) Mi’raj painted by Sultan Muhammad. This work, together with three other works attributed to him, are placed in the illuminated manuscript of Nizami’s Khamsa ordered by Shah Tahmasb | ||
Safavi and its painting and calligraphy have been made between 942/1535 and 947/1540 . Its calligrapher has been Shah Mahmud Nayshaburi, the famous calligrapher of 10th/16th century. In this work, the picture of the Prophet (s) whose face has been covered with a white mask is depicted riding Buraq among the great crowd of angelic creatures with 15 angels and Gabriel is guiding him flying ahead of Buraq. | |||
=== Farshchian’s Mi’raj === | === Farshchian’s Mi’raj === | ||
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=== Other Works === | === Other Works === | ||
* Mi’raj of the Prophet (s) made by Reza Asl Najafi | * Mi’raj of the Prophet (s) made by Reza Asl Najafi | ||
* Mi’raj Namas and paintings about Mi’raj, especially the painting of the Mi’raj of the Prophet (s) kept in Malek | * Mi’raj Namas and paintings about Mi’raj, especially the painting of the Mi’raj of the Prophet (s) kept in Malek Library and National Museum belonging to [[Astan Quds Razavi]] with the record number of 5995. | ||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||