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Mi'raj: Difference between revisions
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== In the Qur'an and Hadiths == | == In the Qur'an and Hadiths == | ||
According to [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi]], Mi'raj of the [[Prophet (s)]] is among the issues that Shi'a, Sunni, [[verses]] along with frequent hadiths support.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 609.</ref> | According to [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|al-Tabrisi]], Mi'raj of the [[Prophet (s)]] is among the issues that Shi'a, Sunni, [[verses]] along with frequent hadiths support.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 609.</ref> | ||
The story of Mi'raj has been mentioned in [[ | The story of Mi'raj has been mentioned in [[Qur'an 17]] and [[Qur'an 53]].<ref>Qurʾān, 17:1; 53:8-18.</ref> | ||
== Date == | == Date == | ||
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== Nightly Journey == | == Nightly Journey == | ||
[[File:تابلوی معراج پیامبر فرشچیان- اهدایی به موزه آستان قدس رضوی.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Prophet's (s) Mi'raj, a masterpiece painted by [[Mahmud Farshchian]], the master of Iranian painting and miniatures.]] | [[File:تابلوی معراج پیامبر فرشچیان- اهدایی به موزه آستان قدس رضوی.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Prophet's (s) Mi'raj, a masterpiece painted by [[Mahmud Farshchian]], the master of Iranian painting and miniatures.]] | ||
From the two words of "layl" (Arabic: {{ia|لیلاً}}, by night) and "asra" (Arabic: {{ia|أسری}}, carried on a journey) in the first verse of [[Sura al-Isra' | From the two words of "layl" (Arabic: {{ia|لیلاً}}, by night) and "asra" (Arabic: {{ia|أسری}}, carried on a journey) in the first verse of [[Qur'an 17]] (Sura al-Isra'), it can be understood that this journey happened at night.<ref>Subḥānī, ''Furūgh-i abadīyyat'', p. 370.</ref> But in the narrations, it is referred to with many differences as in which night it took place. In most cases, it has been narrated to have happened in one of the following nights: | ||
{{Timeline of Prophet (s) in Mecca}} | {{Timeline of Prophet (s) in Mecca}} | ||
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* Some have also mentioned a night in [[Shawwal]] or [[Rabi' II]].<ref>Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', vol. 5, p. 236.</ref> | * Some have also mentioned a night in [[Shawwal]] or [[Rabi' II]].<ref>Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', vol. 5, p. 236.</ref> | ||
The time it took for the [[Prophet (s)]] to go to [[Jerusalem]] and [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and to the skies and his return, did not last longer than one night and the next morning the Prophet (s) was in [[Mecca]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 609; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 289.</ref> It is been cited in ''[[Tafsir al-'Ayyashi (book)|Tafsir al-'Ayashi]]'' that [[Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said, "The Prophet (s) performed the prayers of 'Isha and Fajr in Mecca."<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 3, p. 34.</ref> Which means that Isra' and Mi'raj happened between the two. | The time it took for the [[Prophet (s)]] to go to [[Jerusalem]] and [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and to the skies and his return, did not last longer than one night and the next morning the Prophet (s) was in [[Mecca]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 609; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 289.</ref> It is been cited in ''[[Tafsir al-'Ayyashi (book)|Tafsir al-'Ayashi]]'' that [[Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said, "The Prophet (s) performed the prayers of [['Isha prayer|'Isha]] and [[Fajr prayer|Fajr]] in Mecca."<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 3, p. 34.</ref> Which means that Isra' and Mi'raj happened between the two. | ||
== Location== | == Location== | ||
There are differences among narrations about the detail of | There are differences among narrations about the detail of the Prophet's (s) Mi'raj and whether its beginning and the end of it was the house of Umm Hani, [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] or [[Shi'b Abi Talib]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 200; Khwārizmī, ''Manāqib'', vol. 1, p. 177.</ref> But it is famously said that in that night, the Prophet (s) was in the house of Umm Hani, daughter of Abi Talib and from there went to Mi'raj and returned there at the end.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 27-28; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 312; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 283.</ref> | ||
To explain why the | To explain why the [[Qur'an]] has mentioned al-Masjid al-Haram as the departure of this journey, it is said that Arabs call all [[Mecca]] the sanctuary of God; therefore, all of it were assumed as mosque and sanctuary of God and the house of Umm Hani was in the sanctuary. Also, the content of some narrations do not agree with the occurrence of Mi'raj in Shi'b Abi Talib.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 283; Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', vol. 5, p. 235.</ref> | ||
== Many Occasions == | == Many Occasions == | ||
According to some narrations, the [[Prophet (s)]] went to Mi'raj more than just once.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 27-28; Subḥānī, ''Furūgh-i abadīyyat'', p. 372.</ref> [['Allama Tabataba'i]] regarded one of them from [[Masjid al-Haram]] and another from the house of Umm Hani and said that the first [[verses]] of the [[ | According to some narrations, the [[Prophet (s)]] went to Mi'raj more than just once.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 27-28; Subḥānī, ''Furūgh-i abadīyyat'', p. 372.</ref> [['Allama Tabataba'i]] regarded one of them from [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] and another from the house of Umm Hani and said that the first [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an 53]] approves this. Also different opinions regarding the place, time and other details of Mi'raj can be justified through this theory.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 27-28, 32.</ref> | ||
== Description of the Journey == | == Description of the Journey == | ||
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=== Entering al-Aqsa Mosque === | === Entering al-Aqsa Mosque === | ||
In the middle of the way, the Prophet (s) stopped in [[Medina]], mosque of [[Kufa]], [[Tur Sina]] and [[Bethlehem]] which is the birthplace of [[Jesus | In the middle of the way, the Prophet (s) stopped in [[Medina]], mosque of [[Kufa]], [[Tur Sina]] and [[Bethlehem]] which is the birthplace of Prophet [[Jesus(a)]] and prayed there. He (s) then entered [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and prayed there too.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 8; Subḥānī, ''Furūgh-i abadīyyat'', p. 370.</ref> | ||
Apparently, the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies from the mosque of [[Qubbat al-Sakhra]]. The reason for naming it is the existence of a rock inside it from where the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies. In the travel log of [[Nasir Khusraw]], it has been claimed that upon the entrance of the Prophet (s) to the mosque, that rock ascended before him and after his ascent that rock never came back to earth. | Apparently, the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies from the mosque of [[Qubbat al-Sakhra]]. The reason for naming it is the existence of a rock inside it from where the Prophet (s) ascended to the skies. In the travel log of [[Nasir Khusraw]], it has been claimed that upon the entrance of the Prophet (s) to the mosque, that rock ascended before him and after his ascent that rock never came back to earth. | ||
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=== Second to Seventh Skies === | === Second to Seventh Skies === | ||
The Prophet (s) then ascended to the second sky and there, he (s) met [[Prophet Yahya (a)]] (John | The Prophet (s) then ascended to the second sky and there, he (s) met [[Prophet Yahya (a)]] (John the Baptist) and Prophet Jesus (a), then with [[Prophet Joseph (a)]] in the third sky, with [[Prophet Idris (a)]] (Enoch) in the fourth sky, with [[Prophet Aaron (a)]] in the fifth sky and with [[Prophet Moses (a)]] in the sixth sky.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 12-13.</ref> | ||
=== Seventh Sky === | === Seventh Sky === | ||
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== Condition of Mi'raj == | == Condition of Mi'raj == | ||
Most exegetes believe that the [[Prophet (s)]] went to [[Jerusalem]] and from there to skies with his body and soul. But, [[Khawarij]] denied it and also [[Jahmiyya]] and [[Shaykhiyya]] believed it happened spiritually only.<ref>See: Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 9, p. 264; Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', vol. 5, p. 240.</ref> | Most [[exegetes]] believe that the [[Prophet (s)]] went to [[Jerusalem]] and from there to skies with his body and soul. But, [[Khawarij]] denied it and also [[Jahmiyya]] and [[Shaykhiyya]] believed it happened spiritually only.<ref>See: Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 9, p. 264; Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', vol. 5, p. 240.</ref> | ||
According to some narrations, when the Prophet (s) arrived in [[Bayt al-Ma'mur]] and near [[Sidrat al-Muntaha]], some of his companions accompanied him.<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 2, p. 10; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 327.</ref> | According to some narrations, when the Prophet (s) arrived in [[Bayt al-Ma'mur]] and near [[Sidrat al-Muntaha]], some of his companions accompanied him.<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 2, p. 10; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 327.</ref> | ||
== Prophet's (s) Reports from Mi'raj == | == Prophet's (s) Reports from Mi'raj == | ||
On the night of Mi'raj, he (s) saw some great signs of God. There are some reports on what the Prophet (s) saw in the skies, dwellers of paradise, the hell and angels. | On the night of Mi'raj, he (s) saw some great signs of God. There are some reports on what the Prophet (s) saw in the skies, dwellers of [[paradise]], the [[hell]] and angels. | ||
According to narrations reported by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] and others, one of the places the Prophet (s) saw traveling above the earth was the land of [[Qom]] which glittered as a spot and when asked [[Gabriel]] about that spot, he answered, "It is the land of Qom, where believing servants and the followers of your household will gather and wait for deliverance and will endure hardships and grief."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 57, p. 207; vol. 60, p. 238.</ref> | According to narrations reported by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] and others, one of the places the Prophet (s) saw traveling above the earth was the land of [[Qom]] which glittered as a spot and when asked [[Gabriel]] about that spot, he answered, "It is the land of Qom, where believing servants and the followers of your household will gather and wait for deliverance and will endure hardships and grief."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 57, p. 207; vol. 60, p. 238.</ref> | ||
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== Fruits of Mi'raj == | == Fruits of Mi'raj == | ||
* Obligation of [[Prayer|daily prayer]]<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 22, 25; Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 217.</ref> | * Obligation of [[Prayer|daily prayer]]<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 13, p. 22, 25; Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 217.</ref> | ||
* Last verses of [[Sura al-Baqara]] | * Last verses of [[Sura al-Baqara]] (Qur'an 2) | ||
* Revelation regarding the [[caliphate]] of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]<ref>Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', vol. 5, p. 248.</ref> | * Revelation regarding the [[caliphate]] of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]<ref>Kāshānī, ''Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn'', vol. 5, p. 248.</ref> | ||
* Forgiving of sins except [[polytheism]] | * Forgiving of sins except [[polytheism]] | ||
* Advising about [[Hijama]]<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 2, p. 9.</ref> | * Advising about [[Hijama]]<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 2, p. 9.</ref> | ||
* [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]] reported that the [[Prophet (s)]] said, "On the night when [[Gabriel]] took me to Mi'raj, when we came back, I told him, 'O Gabriel, do you have any request from me?' he said, 'my request is that you send regards to [[Khadija]] on behalf of the Almighty God and on behalf of me." When the Prophet (s) met Khadija, gave her regards from God and Gabriel and she replied, "Surly, [[Allah]], He is the Peace, and from Him is peace and towards Him is peace and with Gabriel be peace."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 385.</ref> | * [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]] reported that the [[Prophet (s)]] said, "On the night when [[Gabriel]] took me to Mi'raj, when we came back, I told him, 'O Gabriel, do you have any request from me?' he said, 'my request is that you send regards to [[Khadija (a)]] on behalf of the Almighty God and on behalf of me." When the Prophet (s) met Khadija (a), gave her regards from God and Gabriel and she replied, "Surly, [[Allah]], He is the Peace, and from Him is peace and towards Him is peace and with Gabriel be peace."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 385.</ref> | ||
== Position of Mi'raj in Literature and Art == | == Position of Mi'raj in Literature and Art == | ||