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Imam al-Husayn's (a) Sermon in Mina: Difference between revisions
Imam al-Husayn's (a) Sermon in Mina (view source)
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'''Imām al-Ḥusayn's (a) Sermon in Minā''' is a fiery and critical [[khutba]] (sermon) by [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] in [[58]]/678, two years before [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]]'s death, against the deviations of the [[Umayyad]] government from the right path. The significance of such a sermon in [[Mina]] during the [[hajj]] period was because of its disclosures against Mu'awiya's government. The sermon was delivered to [[Sahaba]] and [[Tabi'un]] and some scholars take it to be evidence that Imam al-Husayn (a) already had plan for his [[Uprising of Imam al-Husayn (a)|uprising]]. The first part of Imam al-Husayn's (a) sermon in Mina was cited by [[Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilali]] in his book, and the second and the third parts were cited by [[Hasan b. Shu'ba al-Harrani]] in ''[[Tuhaf al-'uqul]]'' and [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] in ''[[Bihar al-anwar]]''. | '''Imām al-Ḥusayn's (a) Sermon in Minā''' is a fiery and critical [[khutba]] (sermon) by [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] in [[58]]/678, two years before [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]]'s death, against the deviations of the [[Umayyad]] government from the right path. The significance of such a sermon in [[Mina]] during the [[hajj]] period was because of its disclosures against Mu'awiya's government. The sermon was delivered to [[Sahaba]] and [[Tabi'un]] and some scholars take it to be evidence that Imam al-Husayn (a) already had plan for his [[Uprising of Imam al-Husayn (a)|uprising]]. The first part of Imam al-Husayn's (a) sermon in Mina was cited by [[Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilali]] in his book, and the second and the third parts were cited by [[Hasan b. Shu'ba al-Harrani]] in ''[[Tuhaf al-'uqul]]'' and [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] in ''[[Bihar al-anwar]]''. | ||
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Since the sermon consisted of three independent parts, many scholars of [[hadith]] and history have only cited part of it that they were concerned with. Some have only cited one sentence or just referred to the content of the sermon; for example: | Since the sermon consisted of three independent parts, many scholars of [[hadith]] and history have only cited part of it that they were concerned with. Some have only cited one sentence or just referred to the content of the sermon; for example: | ||
# [[Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilali]] (d. [[76]] or [[90]]/ 695-6 or 709-10) only cites the first part of the sermon; he also mentions the date and the location of the sermon. | |||
# [[Hasan b. Shu'ba al-Harrani]]—a scholar of hadith in the fourth/10th century—cites in his ''[[Tuhaf al-'uqul]]'' only the second and the third parts of the sermon. In his ''[[Bihar al-anwar]]'', [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] cites what is cited in ''Tuhaf al-'uqul''. | |||
# [[Ahmad b. Ali al-Tabrisi]] (d. [[588]]/1192-3) refers to the motivation of this sermon as being the injustice of [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] and cites a short summary of its content. The sermon was delivered two years before Mu'awiya's death in [[Mina]] and the audience was over one thousand religious characters of the time. | |||
===Doubts About the Continuity of the Sermon=== | ===Doubts About the Continuity of the Sermon=== | ||
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==Historical Background of the Sermon== | ==Historical Background of the Sermon== | ||
Imam al-Husayn (a) delivered the sermon in [[58]]/678, two years before [[Mu'awiya]]'s death, in Mina. Mu'awiya had escalated his pressures on [[Shi'a]]s and oppressed his political opponents. In order to uncover Imam al-Husayn (a) | Imam al-Husayn (a) delivered the sermon in [[58]]/678, two years before [[Mu'awiya]]'s death, in Mina. Mu'awiya had escalated his pressures on [[Shi'a]]s and oppressed his political opponents. In order to uncover Imam al-Husayn's (a) motivation for delivering the sermon and the circumstances under which it was delivered, Sulaym b. Qays refers to the consequences of four official letters of Mu'awiya to his agents and staff. | ||
According to Sulaym b. Qays, in the first letter, Mu'awiya announced that he would not support people who cite the virtues of [[Imam Ali (a)]] and his household. He also ordered that testimonies of Shi'as should not be accepted and to give allowances to anyone who cites the virtues of [['Uthman]]. In the second letter, Mu'awiya ordered people to cite hadiths concerning the virtues of the Sahaba and the first two caliphs, [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] and [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] similar to the virtues of Imam Ali (a). He said that this would delight him and humiliate Imam Ali (a). | According to Sulaym b. Qays, in the first letter, Mu'awiya announced that he would not support people who cite the virtues of [[Imam Ali (a)]] and his household. He also ordered that testimonies of Shi'as should not be accepted and to give allowances to anyone who cites the virtues of [['Uthman]]. In the second letter, Mu'awiya ordered people to cite hadiths concerning the virtues of the Sahaba and the first two caliphs, [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] and [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], similar to the virtues of Imam Ali (a). He said that this would delight him and humiliate Imam Ali (a). | ||
In the third letter, Mu'awiya told people to find whoever showed a little advocacy of Imam Ali (a) and his household, remove them from the book of salaries and allowances, and cut their shares from the treasury ([[bayt al-mal]]). And in the fourth letter, he told people to put advocates of Imam Ali (a) under a lot of pressure and destroy their houses. | In the third letter, Mu'awiya told people to find whoever showed a little advocacy of Imam Ali (a) and his household, remove them from the book of salaries and allowances, and cut their shares from the treasury ([[bayt al-mal]]). And in the fourth letter, he told people to put advocates of Imam Ali (a) under a lot of pressure and destroy their houses. | ||
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According to [[Muhammad Sadiq Najmi]], what is important about the sermon, besides its content, is its time, location, and audience: prominent Muslim figures, elite men and women from [[Banu Hashim]], about 200 people from [[Ansar]] and [[Muhajirun]] who were the companions of the Prophet (s), and about 800 people from [[Sahaba]]'s children (and people who had met the Sahaba), that is, [[Tabi'un]]. | According to [[Muhammad Sadiq Najmi]], what is important about the sermon, besides its content, is its time, location, and audience: prominent Muslim figures, elite men and women from [[Banu Hashim]], about 200 people from [[Ansar]] and [[Muhajirun]] who were the companions of the Prophet (s), and about 800 people from [[Sahaba]]'s children (and people who had met the Sahaba), that is, [[Tabi'un]]. | ||
The sermon was an enclosure of Mu'awiya's deviations and a preliminary for the [[ | The sermon was an enclosure of Mu'awiya's deviations and a preliminary for the [[Battle of Karbala]]. With this sermon addressed to such a large audience, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] propagated his message to different Islamic lands. | ||
==Text== | ==Text== | ||
According to Sulaym b. Qays, one year before Mu'awiya's death, [[Husayn b. Ali (a)]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]] and [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] went to [[hajj]]. Imam al-Husayn (a) gathered men and women and friends of Banu Hashim as well as some people from [[Ansar]] who knew him and his household. He then sent some people and said: bring to me all the righteous Sahaba who have come to hajj this year. | According to Sulaym b. Qays, one year before Mu'awiya's death, [[Husayn b. Ali (a)]], [['Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas]] and [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] went to [[hajj]]. Imam al-Husayn (a) gathered men and women and friends of Banu Hashim as well as some people from [[Ansar]] who knew him and his household. He then sent some people and said: bring to me all the righteous Sahaba who have come to hajj this year. | ||
After the invitation, over 700 people gathered in Mina around Imam al-Husayn's (a) camp; most of them were Tabi'un (people who met the prophet's (s) companions) and about 200 of them were Sahaba. Imam al-Husayn (a) stood up in order to deliver his sermon; after praising God, he said: | After the invitation, over 700 people gathered in Mina around Imam al-Husayn's (a) camp; most of them were Tabi'un (people who met the prophet's (s) companions) and about 200 of them were Sahaba. Imam al-Husayn (a) stood up in order to deliver his sermon; after praising God, he said: | ||
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"And then, this rebel [that is, Mu'awiya] did to us and our Shi'as [followers] what you have witnessed. I want to ask you something; if I am right, confirm me, and if I am mistaken, then correct me. I swear you to God, the Prophet (s) and my kinship with him that you propagate my message when you return to your lands and invite those people in your tribes that you trust." | "And then, this rebel [that is, Mu'awiya] did to us and our Shi'as [followers] what you have witnessed. I want to ask you something; if I am right, confirm me, and if I am mistaken, then correct me. I swear you to God, the Prophet (s) and my kinship with him that you propagate my message when you return to your lands and invite those people in your tribes that you trust." | ||
According to another version: "return to your cities and tribes and invite people whom you trust to what you know about us and our right, since I fear that my right obsolesces and fades away: "Allah will complete his light, even though the unbelievers may detest (it)" ( | According to another version: "return to your cities and tribes and invite people whom you trust to what you know about us and our right, since I fear that my right obsolesces and fades away: "Allah will complete his light, even though the unbelievers may detest (it)" ([[Qur'an 61]]:8). | ||
Imam al-Husayn (a) recited and interpreted all Qur'anic verses concerning [[Ahl al-Bayt]]'s (a) virtues as well as what the [[Prophet (s)]] had said about his father and mother and his household. The Prophet (s)'s [[Sahaba]] verified all these by saying: "yes, we swear to God that we heard these remarks from the Prophet (s) and we testify for that", and [[Tabi'un]] said: "we swear to God that we heard these remarks from righteous and trustworthy Sahaba". Then Imam al-Husayn (a) said: "I swear you to God that you convey these remarks to anyone whom you trust". According to Sulaym, Imam swear them to God and asked: Do you know that [[Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] was the Prophet's (s) brother when he (s) made the [[Pact of Brotherhood]] between pairs of his Sahaba, he made a pact between Ali (a) and himself by saying to Ali: "you are my brother and I am your brother in this world and the afterlife?" They replied: yes. | Imam al-Husayn (a) recited and interpreted all Qur'anic verses concerning [[Ahl al-Bayt]]'s (a) virtues as well as what the [[Prophet (s)]] had said about his father and mother and his household. The Prophet (s)'s [[Sahaba]] verified all these by saying: "yes, we swear to God that we heard these remarks from the Prophet (s) and we testify for that", and [[Tabi'un]] said: "we swear to God that we heard these remarks from righteous and trustworthy Sahaba". Then Imam al-Husayn (a) said: "I swear you to God that you convey these remarks to anyone whom you trust". According to Sulaym, Imam swear them to God and asked: Do you know that [[Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] was the Prophet's (s) brother when he (s) made the [[Pact of Brotherhood]] between pairs of his Sahaba, he made a pact between Ali (a) and himself by saying to Ali: "you are my brother and I am your brother in this world and the afterlife?" They replied: yes. | ||
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===Second and Third Parts of the Sermon=== | ===Second and Third Parts of the Sermon=== | ||
People! Learn what God has taught His friends, such as what He said about Jewish scholars: "why do not the rabbis and the scholars of law forbid them from their uttering sinful words" ( | People! Learn what God has taught His friends, such as what He said about Jewish scholars: "why do not the rabbis and the scholars of law forbid them from their uttering sinful words" ([[Qur'an 5]]:63) and "curses were pronounced on those among the children of Israel who rejected faith" (Qur'an 5:78). | ||
Thus God reproached them, since they witnessed the wrong actions of tyrants among them without prohibiting them out of desire to gain advantages from them or fear of losing what they had, whereas God says: "fear not men, but fear Me" ( | Thus God reproached them, since they witnessed the wrong actions of tyrants among them without prohibiting them out of desire to gain advantages from them or fear of losing what they had, whereas God says: "fear not men, but fear Me" (Qur'an 5:44) and "the believers, men and women, are protectors one of another: they enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil" ([[Qur'an 9]]:71). | ||
God obliged the enjoining of the right and the forbidding of the wrong because He knew that if this is done, then all other religious obligations will be done, since enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong are invitations to Islam, together with returning unfairly gained property ([[radd al-mazalim]]), opposing unjust people, distributing the treasury and booties, and consuming [[zakat]] for appropriate purposes. | God obliged the enjoining of the right and the forbidding of the wrong because He knew that if this is done, then all other religious obligations will be done, since enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong are invitations to Islam, together with returning unfairly gained property ([[radd al-mazalim]]), opposing unjust people, distributing the treasury and booties, and consuming [[zakat]] for appropriate purposes. | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{col-begin|3}} | |||
* [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] | * [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] | ||
* [[Event of Karbala]] | * [[Event of Karbala]] | ||
* [[Mina]] | * [[Mina]]{{end}} | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [ | * The material for this article is mainly taken from [[:fa:خطبه امام حسین در منا|{{ia|خطبه امام حسین در منا}}]] in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
{{Event of Karbala}} | {{Event of Karbala}} | ||
{{ | {{Imam al-Husayn (a)}} | ||
[[fa:خطبه امام حسین در منا]] | [[fa:خطبه امام حسین در منا]] | ||
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[[ur:منا میں امام حسین(ع) کا خطبہ]] | [[ur:منا میں امام حسین(ع) کا خطبہ]] | ||
[[Category:Sermons of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] | [[Category:Sermons of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] | ||