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Battle of Hamra' al-Asad: Difference between revisions
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==Time and Geography== | ==Time and Geography== | ||
The Battle of Hamra al-Asad took place on Sunday, [[Shawwal 8]], [[3]]/[[March 24]], [[625 CE|625]]. The activities started only one day after the [[Battle of Uhud]], in which Muslims' army was defeated. They stayed firmly in Hamra' al-Asad region, 20 kilometers in the south of [[Medina]]. | The Battle of Hamra al-Asad took place on Sunday, [[Shawwal 8]], [[3]]/[[March 24]], [[625 CE|625]]. The activities started only one day after the [[Battle of Uhud]], in which Muslims' army was defeated. They stayed firmly in Hamra' al-Asad region, 20 kilometers in the south of [[Medina]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 107-108; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
==Primary Actions== | ==Primary Actions== | ||
The day after the [[Battle of Uhud]], when Muslims' soldiers were taking care of their injured, [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] told [[Bilal al-Habashi]] to state: "Prophet ordered to chase after the enemies and only those who attended the battle yesterday should come with us, no one else." | The day after the [[Battle of Uhud]], when Muslims' soldiers were taking care of their injured, [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] told [[Bilal al-Habashi]] to state: "Prophet ordered to chase after the enemies and only those who attended the battle yesterday should come with us, no one else."<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 300; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 37-38.</ref> | ||
In another narration, it is told that Prophet Muhammad (s) only ordered and allowed the injured soldiers to attend this battle. | In another narration, it is told that Prophet Muhammad (s) only ordered and allowed the injured soldiers to attend this battle.<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 124-125.</ref> | ||
According to the first narration, seventy out of more than seven hundred Muslim soldiers attended the Battle of Uhud were martyred and the survivors were ordered to take part in the Battle of Hamra' al-Asad. | According to the first narration, seventy out of more than seven hundred Muslim soldiers attended the Battle of Uhud were martyred<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 300; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 39, 42-43.</ref> and the survivors were ordered to take part in the Battle of Hamra' al-Asad.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, part 4, p. 51-52.</ref> | ||
On the other hand, according to the second narration, Muslims' army included sixty to seventy soldiers the same number of the martyred soldiers in the Battle of Uhud. The 172nd verse of the [[Qur'an 3]] | On the other hand, according to the second narration, Muslims' army included sixty<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 205.</ref> to seventy<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', under the Qur'an 3:172-174.</ref> soldiers the same number of the martyred soldiers in the Battle of Uhud. The 172nd verse of the [[Qur'an 3]]<ref>Those who responded to Allah and the Apostle [even] after they had been wounded—for those of them who have been virtuous and Godwary there shall be a great reward.</ref> and the statement of Prophet Muhammad (s), "those who follow the orders of Allah relentlessly and chase after your enemy, it would be destructive for them and it would be even recognized more.", both confirm the second narration. | ||
Also there is another weak narration: Prophet Muhammad (s) prepared an army including a number of participants of the Battle of Uhud and also a number of soldiers who did not attend in the Battle of Uhud. | Also there is another weak narration: Prophet Muhammad (s) prepared an army including a number of participants of the Battle of Uhud and also a number of soldiers who did not attend in the Battle of Uhud.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 403.</ref> | ||
However the injured from the Battle of Uhud followed the order of Prophet (s) and took part in the Battle of Hamra al-Asad. Forty members of [[Banu Salama]] who were badly injured also accompanied Prophet (s) in this battle. Some including [['Abd Allah b. Sahl]] and his brother, Rafi', joined Prophet's army as well, although they did not have any ride. [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] was the only person who did not attend the Battle of Uhud but he was allowed to attend the Battle of Hamra all-Asad by Prophet (s). | However the injured from the Battle of Uhud followed the order of Prophet (s) and took part in the Battle of Hamra al-Asad. Forty members of [[Banu Salama]] who were badly injured also accompanied Prophet (s) in this battle. Some including [['Abd Allah b. Sahl]] and his brother, Rafi', joined Prophet's army as well, although they did not have any ride. [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] was the only person who did not attend the Battle of Uhud<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 334-336.</ref> but he was allowed to attend the Battle of Hamra all-Asad by Prophet (s). | ||
Prophet Muhammad (s) gave the flag of Muslims' army to [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] (or according to another narration [[Abu Bakr]]), then went to the mosque and said prayer, got ready and set out for the battle. | Prophet Muhammad (s) gave the flag of Muslims' army to [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] (or according to another narration [[Abu Bakr]]), then went to the mosque and said prayer, got ready and set out for the battle.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 336-337; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 183-184; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 1, p. 167.</ref> | ||
==The Goal of This Battle== | ==The Goal of This Battle== | ||
The goal of this battle which was ordered by Allah, was preventing Muslims' enemies to start a new attack to [[Medina]] in which Muslims showed their strength and power to their enemies. As Muslims were defeated in the [[Battle of Uhud]], they were even stronger and more strong-willed to defend themselves. | The goal of this battle which was ordered by Allah,<ref> Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'' and Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', under the Qur'an 3:172-174.</ref> was preventing Muslims' enemies to start a new attack to [[Medina]] in which Muslims showed their strength and power to their enemies. As Muslims were defeated in the [[Battle of Uhud]], they were even stronger and more strong-willed to defend themselves.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 107; Ibn Ḥazm al-Andulīsī, ''Jawāmiʿ al-sīra'', p. 175.</ref> | ||
When [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] was preparing his army, he said: "Then it would be more destructive for our enemy and it would be even recognized more." | When [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] was preparing his army, he said: "Then it would be more destructive for our enemy and it would be even recognized more."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', under the Qur'an 3:172-174; Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', under the Qur'an 3:172.</ref> | ||
Based on another narration, when Prophet Muhammad (s) was informed that their enemies stayed in [[Rawha']] region and there were planning to attack Muslims again, he ordered Muslims to chase after them. | Based on another narration, when Prophet Muhammad (s) was informed that their enemies stayed in [[Rawha']] region and there were planning to attack Muslims again, he ordered Muslims to chase after them. | ||
==Chasing after the Enemies== | ==Chasing after the Enemies== | ||
[[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] sent three members of [[Banu Aslam]] tribe to chase the enemies. They reached [[Quraysh]] army in Hamra' al-Asad region but two of them were martyred. Then Quraysh leaders were discussing about attacking Muslims again. [[Safwan b. Umayya]] warned them not to seek revenge and advised them to refrain from another attack as they would face a setback. Afterwards Quraysh army continued their way and they stayed in [[Rawha']] region twenty kilometers off Medina. | [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] sent three members of [[Banu Aslam]] tribe to chase the enemies. They reached [[Quraysh]] army in Hamra' al-Asad region but two of them were martyred. Then Quraysh leaders were discussing about attacking Muslims again. [[Safwan b. Umayya]] warned them not to seek revenge and advised them to refrain from another attack as they would face a setback. Afterwards Quraysh army continued their way and they stayed in [[Rawha']] region twenty kilometers off Medina.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 337-339; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
Also Prophet Muhammad (s) and his army stayed in Hamra' al-Asad. Prophet (s) ordered his soldiers to set a lot of fire so that Quraysh army would believe the number of Muslims' soldiers is near five hundred. | Also Prophet Muhammad (s) and his army stayed in Hamra' al-Asad. Prophet (s) ordered his soldiers to set a lot of fire so that Quraysh army would believe the number of Muslims' soldiers is near five hundred.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 337-339; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
==Fear of Quraysh== | ==Fear of Quraysh== | ||
When Muslims' army were staying in Hamra' al-Asad, [[Abu Sufyan]] were thinking of a new attack to Muslims and he was trying to convince other [[Quraysh]] leaders. He sent a letter to the [[Prophet (s)]] in which he expressed his wish to attack Muslims again and perish the rest of them. Prophet Muhammad (s) replied: "Hasbuna Allah | When Muslims' army were staying in Hamra' al-Asad, [[Abu Sufyan]] were thinking of a new attack to Muslims and he was trying to convince other [[Quraysh]] leaders. He sent a letter to the [[Prophet (s)]] in which he expressed his wish to attack Muslims again and perish the rest of them. Prophet Muhammad (s) replied: "Hasbuna Allah wa ni'm al-wakil: Allah is sufficient for us, and He is the best Disposer of affairs."<ref>Qur'an 3:173.</ref> | ||
Meanwhile [[Ma'bad b. Abi Ma'bad al-Khuza'i]] who was aficionado of the prophet and confederate with him, as well as other members of his tribe, held a meeting with [[Abu Sufyan]], in which Ma'bad convinced Abu Sufyan and other leaders of Quraysh through his statements and poems to refrain from another attack to [[Medina]]. He told Abu Sufyan: "Muhammad (s) has come to Hamra' al-Asad with soldiers who are incandescent with rage; I have never seen such furious men before." As a result, Quraysh army happy with their previous victory and scared of angered Muslims quickly returned [[Mecca]]. Then, Ma'bad al-Khuza'i sent a letter to Prophet Muhammad (s) and informed him about their return to Mecca. | Meanwhile [[Ma'bad b. Abi Ma'bad al-Khuza'i]] who was aficionado of the prophet and confederate with him, as well as other members of his tribe, held a meeting with [[Abu Sufyan]], in which Ma'bad convinced Abu Sufyan and other leaders of Quraysh through his statements and poems to refrain from another attack to [[Medina]]. He told Abu Sufyan: "Muhammad (s) has come to Hamra' al-Asad with soldiers who are incandescent with rage; I have never seen such furious men before." As a result, Quraysh army happy with their previous victory and scared of angered Muslims quickly returned [[Mecca]]. Then, Ma'bad al-Khuza'i sent a letter to Prophet Muhammad (s) and informed him about their return to Mecca. | ||
==Muslims Returned Medina== | ==Muslims Returned Medina== | ||
After five days, [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] and his army returned [[Medina]]. Meanwhile [['Abd Allah b. Umm Maktum]] was Prophet's deputy in Medina while he was gone. The Battle of Hamra' al-Asad was a mental defeat which damaged morale of [[Quraysh]] army, oppositions and Jews in Medina; it also strengthened morale and wills of Muslims. The verses 172 to 175 of the [[Qur'an 3]] were descended on this incident. | After five days, [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] and his army returned [[Medina]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 334; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 108; Bakrī, ''Muʿjam mā istaʿjam'', vol. 1, p. 468.</ref> Meanwhile [['Abd Allah b. Umm Maktum]] was Prophet's deputy in Medina while he was gone.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> The Battle of Hamra' al-Asad was a mental defeat which damaged morale of [[Quraysh]] army, oppositions and Jews in Medina; it also strengthened morale and wills of Muslims.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 4, p. 339-341.</ref> The verses 172 to 175 of the [[Qur'an 3]] were descended on this incident.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 340; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 128; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād'', vol. 4, p. 444-445.</ref> | ||
Because in Hamra' al-Asad no battles started between the sides, some did not regard it as a [[Ghazwa]]. | Because in Hamra' al-Asad no battles started between the sides, some did not regard it as a [[Ghazwa]].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf'', p. 245.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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* Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: 1355 AH/1936. | * Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: 1355 AH/1936. | ||
* Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf''. [n.p]. [n.d]. | * Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf''. [n.p]. [n.d]. | ||
* | * Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir. ''Al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh''. Edited by Clément Huart. Paris: 1919. | ||
* Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Beirut: 1412 AH. | * Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Beirut: 1412 AH. | ||
* Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād''. Edited by Ibrāhīm Tarzī and ʿAbd al-Karīm ʿAzbāwī. Cairo: 1411 AH. | * Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād''. Edited by Ibrāhīm Tarzī and ʿAbd al-Karīm ʿAzbāwī. Cairo: 1411 AH. | ||