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Al-Shiqshiqiyya Sermon: Difference between revisions
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'''Al | '''Al-Shiqshiqīyya Sermon''' (Arabic: {{inlineArabic|الخطبة الشقشقیة}}) is one of the best-known sermons in [[Nahj al-balagha]]. In this sermon, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] depicts the periods of the [[first three Caliphs]], and criticizes their performances, challenging the legitimacy of their [[caliphate]]. He also points out that people rushed into his house in order to pledge their [[allegiance]] to him. He refers to [[Nakithun]] (Oath-breakers), [[Qasitun]] (the cruel) and [[Mariqun]] (Khawarij), and he finally mentions the reason why he accepted to undertake the power. In most versions of Nahj al-balagha, the sermon is the third sermon. | ||
The person who directly narrated the sermon (that is, heard it immediately from Imam 'Ali (a) himself) was [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]] whose narrations are also reliable for [[Sunni]] Muslims. The sermon has repeatedly been translated and interpreted. Some Sunni scholars have cast doubts about the reliability and the content of the sermon, though some others take it to be reliable. | The person who directly narrated the sermon (that is, heard it immediately from Imam 'Ali (a) himself) was [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]] whose narrations are also reliable for [[Sunni]] Muslims. The sermon has repeatedly been translated and interpreted. Some Sunni scholars have cast doubts about the reliability and the content of the sermon, though some others take it to be reliable. | ||
==The main issues in the sermon== | ==The main issues in the sermon== | ||
* [[Abu Bakr]]'s knowledge of Imam 'Ali (a) | * [[Abu Bakr]]'s knowledge of Imam 'Ali's (a) superiority over him with respect to the caliphate. | ||
* The usurpation of caliphate by the first caliph. | * The usurpation of caliphate by the [['Umar b. Khattab|first caliph]]. | ||
* Imam 'Ali (a) | * Imam 'Ali's (a) forbearance despite the difficulties he faced during the caliphate of the three caliphs before him. | ||
* Imam 'Ali (a) | * Imam 'Ali's (a) surprise that Abu Bakr chose a [[successor]] for himself. | ||
* His concerns about Abu Bakr's having chosen a violent person as his successor. | * His concerns about Abu Bakr's having chosen a violent person as his successor. | ||
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* His criticism of the arrangement of the council, since the conclusion was already determined due to this arrangement. | * His criticism of the arrangement of the council, since the conclusion was already determined due to this arrangement. | ||
* The embezzlement of the treasury during the period of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] leading to his murder. | * The embezzlement of the [[treasury]] during the period of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] leading to his murder. | ||
* People's rush to pledge their allegiance with Imam 'Ali (a). | * People's rush to pledge their allegiance with Imam 'Ali (a). | ||
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==Place and time== | ==Place and time== | ||
As evidenced by historical points made in the sermon, such as Imam 'Ali (a) | As evidenced by historical points made in the sermon, such as Imam 'Ali's (a) talk of Nakithun (his enemies in the [[Battle of Jamal]], [[36]]/656-7, Qasitun ([[Mu'awiyya b. Abi Sufyan]] and his companions in the [[Battle of Siffin]], late [[36]]/657 and early [[37]]/657 and Mariqun ([[Khawarij]] in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]], late [[37]]/658 or early [[38]]/658 and as evidenced by [[Ibn 'Abbas]]'s presence in [[Kufa]], the sermon should have been delivered around late [[38]]/659 or early [[39]]/659. | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and [[Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi]] took the sermon to have taken place in "rahba". By "rahba" here is meant a place in the middle of the courtyard of [[Kufa Mosque]] in which Imam 'Ali (a) gave many sermons or issued judiciary verdicts. This is why during the anti-'Ali (a) period of [[Ziyad b. Abih]], narrators of [[hadith]] mentioned Imam 'Ali (a) as "Sahib al-Rahba" (the companion of rahba). According to Matarzi (d. 610 A.H./ 1214), rahba in Kufa was a podium in the middle of the Kufa Mosque in which Imam 'Ali (a) sat and delivered his sermons. This is the place where Imam 'Ali (a) was said to have thrown the booties of Khawarij. | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and [[Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi]] took the sermon to have taken place in "rahba". By "rahba" here is meant a place in the middle of the courtyard of [[Kufa Mosque]] in which Imam 'Ali (a) gave many sermons or issued judiciary verdicts. This is why during the anti-'Ali (a) period of [[Ziyad b. Abih]], narrators of [[hadith]] mentioned Imam 'Ali (a) as "Sahib al-Rahba" (the companion of rahba). According to Matarzi (d. 610 A.H./ 1214), rahba in Kufa was a podium in the middle of the Kufa Mosque in which Imam 'Ali (a) sat and delivered his sermons. This is the place where Imam 'Ali (a) was said to have thrown the booties of Khawarij. | ||