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Kaffara: Difference between revisions
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==Lexicology== | ==Lexicology== | ||
The word "kaffara" is from the Arabic root "k-f-r" (Arabic:{{ia| ک ف ر}}) literally meaning to cover. A farmer is called in Arabic "kafir" since he covers the seeds under the earth. In the [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] [[verse]]: | The word "kaffara" is from the Arabic root "k-f-r" (Arabic:{{ia| ک ف ر}}), literally meaning to cover. A farmer is called in Arabic "kafir" since he covers the seeds under the earth. In the [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] [[verse]]: | ||
{{pull quote | {{pull quote | ||
|{{ia|وَلَوْ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ آمَنُوا وَاتَّقَوْا لَكَفَّرْنَا عَنْهُمْ سَيِّئَاتِهِمْ وَلَأَدْخَلْنَاهُمْ جَنَّاتِ النَّعِيمِ}}}} | |{{ia|وَلَوْ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ آمَنُوا وَاتَّقَوْا لَكَفَّرْنَا عَنْهُمْ سَيِّئَاتِهِمْ وَلَأَدْخَلْنَاهُمْ جَنَّاتِ النَّعِيمِ}}}} | ||
{{pull quote | {{pull quote | ||
|If the people of the | |If the people of the Book had believed and kept from evil, we would cover (kaffarna) their sins |source=The [[Qur'an 5]]:65}} | ||
the verb "kaffarna" (Arabic:{{ia| کفرنا}}) means to cover the sins. Kaffara is called so because it covers the sins. | the verb "kaffarna" (Arabic:{{ia| کفرنا}}) means to cover the sins. Kaffara is called so because it covers the sins. | ||
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In Islam, kaffara is a certain worship or penalty to compensate some sins and alleviate or obviate the afterlife punishments. Sometimes it is referred to as "fidya" which literally means compensation or exchange. | In Islam, kaffara is a certain worship or penalty to compensate some sins and alleviate or obviate the afterlife punishments. Sometimes it is referred to as "fidya" which literally means compensation or exchange. | ||
On the one hand, such penalties are punishments for the person who disobeys the relevant rulings and are, on the other hand, helpful for the community, such as the emancipation of Muslim slaves and feeding or providing clothes for people in need. In some cases, a kaffara is in the form of fasting or repeating one's [[hajj]]. | |||
==Types== | ==Types== | ||
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===Optional (Mukhayyara)=== | ===Optional (Mukhayyara)=== | ||
This is a sort of kaffara in which several penalties are specified and the person has the option to choose any of them. The following actions or omissions have optional kaffaras: | This is a sort of kaffara in which several penalties are specified, and the person has the option to choose any of them. The following actions or omissions have optional kaffaras: | ||
* Intentionally breaking one's fast in the month of [[Ramadan]] | * Intentionally breaking one's fast in the month of [[Ramadan]] | ||
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===Determined (Mu'ayyana)=== | ===Determined (Mu'ayyana)=== | ||
In this kind of kaffara, the person has no option; the kaffara | In this kind of kaffara, the person has no option; the ruling determines the kaffara. | ||
===Ordered (Murattaba)=== | ===Ordered (Murattaba)=== | ||
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If one kills a human being, in addition to their punishment ([[qisas]] or [[diya]]), he/she should pay the kaffara as determined in the Qur'an. | If one kills a human being, in addition to their punishment ([[qisas]] or [[diya]]), he/she should pay the kaffara as determined in the Qur'an. | ||
* '''Intentionally killing a Muslim:''' It is subject to the total kaffara consisting | * '''Intentionally killing a Muslim:''' It is subject to the total kaffara consisting of the emancipation of a slave, fasting for 60 days, and feeding 60 people in need. | ||
* '''Unintentionally killing a Muslim:''' if a person unintentionally kills a Muslim, they should emancipate a slave. But if they cannot do so, they should fast for 60 consecutive days, and if they still cannot do so, | * '''Unintentionally killing a Muslim:''' if a person unintentionally kills a Muslim, they should emancipate a slave. But if they cannot do so, they should fast for 60 consecutive days, and if they still cannot do so, they should feed 60 people in need. | ||
===Breaking a Swear=== | ===Breaking a Swear=== | ||
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===Zihar=== | ===Zihar=== | ||
If a person commits [[zihar]] (a sort of divorce explicitly prohibited in the Qur'an), then it is necessary for him to do the kaffara | If a person commits [[zihar]] (a sort of divorce explicitly prohibited in the Qur'an), then it is necessary for him to do the kaffara to be able to legally return to his wife. Its kaffara consists in the emancipation of a slave, but if not possible, then fasting for two months, and if still not possible, then feeding 60 people in need. | ||
===In Hajj and 'Umra=== | ===In Hajj and 'Umra=== | ||
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The kaffara for a woman who cuts her hair or scratches her face in mourning for her loved ones consists in the emancipation of a slave or feeding 60 people in need or fasting for two months the 31 days of which should be consecutive. | The kaffara for a woman who cuts her hair or scratches her face in mourning for her loved ones consists in the emancipation of a slave or feeding 60 people in need or fasting for two months the 31 days of which should be consecutive. | ||
If a man tears up his shirt in mourning for his wife or children, he should either emancipate a slave, or provide food or clothes for 10 people in need, and if he cannot do either, | If a man tears up his shirt in mourning for his wife or children, he should either emancipate a slave, or provide food or clothes for 10 people in need, and if he cannot do either, he should fast for three days. | ||
==Fidya== | ==Fidya== | ||
"Fidya" literally means an exchange. | "Fidya" literally means an exchange. Some actions are not prohibited, but one should give some fidya for doing them. According to the Qur'an, one such case is not fasting for people who cannot fast (and thus it is not prohibited for them not to fast). This fidya consists of giving about 750 grams of food (such as wheat) to a person in need. This applies to the following: | ||
* '''Pregnant or lactating women:''' a pregnant woman for whom or for whose fetus it is harmful to fast or a woman who lactates her baby and it is harmful | * '''Pregnant or lactating women:''' a pregnant woman for whom or for whose fetus it is harmful to fast or a woman who lactates her baby and it is harmful to the baby or for the woman to fast, should pay the fidya in addition to fasting at another time (that is, doing the [[qada']]). | ||
* '''Continuous disease:''' if a person cannot fast because of a disease and his or her disease lasts until the next [[Ramadan]] month, then he or she does not have to fast at another time (does not have to do the qada') according to the majority of [[faqihs]], but they should give a fidya for every day. | * '''Continuous disease:''' if a person cannot fast because of a disease and his or her disease lasts until the next [[Ramadan]] month, then he or she does not have to fast at another time (does not have to do the qada') according to the majority of [[faqihs]], but they should give a fidya for every day. | ||
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==Other== | ==Other== | ||
According to | According to [[hadith]]s, some actions function as general kaffaras for one's sins, such as | ||
{{col-begin|2}} | {{col-begin|2}} | ||
* Being nice | * Being nice to others | ||
* Honesty | * Honesty | ||
* Praising God for one's possessions | * Praising God for one's possessions | ||