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Haram (fiqh): Difference between revisions
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==Meaning== | ==Meaning== | ||
In Islamic jurisprudence, Haram is an action that people were asked to avoid it and who commits Haram is a sinner. | In Islamic jurisprudence, Haram is an action that people were asked to avoid it<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif fiqh-i muqārin'', vol. 1, p. 430.</ref> and who commits Haram is a sinner.<ref>Ḥāshimī Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 3, p. 291.</ref> | ||
==Types of Haram== | ==Types of Haram== | ||
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# Al-Haram al-Dhati: (prohibited independently) is an act that is directly prohibited by a religious source (Shar'i proof) such as prohibition of [[drinking wine]]. | # Al-Haram al-Dhati: (prohibited independently) is an act that is directly prohibited by a religious source (Shar'i proof) such as prohibition of [[drinking wine]]. | ||
# Al-Haram al-'Aradi: (prohibited by another thing) is an action that is not prohibited by itself rather it was prohibited by [[Nadhr|vowing]] or [[Qasam|swearing]] an oath, such as vowing to leave a [[Makruh]] act. | # Al-Haram al-'Aradi: (prohibited by another thing) is an action that is not prohibited by itself rather it was prohibited by [[Nadhr|vowing]] or [[Qasam|swearing]] an oath, such as vowing to leave a [[Makruh]] act.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif fiqh-i muqārin'', vol. 1, p. 430.</ref> | ||
* '''Al-Shar'i and al-'Aqli''': (prohibited by religion or reason) | * '''Al-Shar'i and al-'Aqli''': (prohibited by religion or reason) | ||
# Al-Haram al-Shar'i: (prohibited by religion) is an act prohibited by religious source, such as prohibition of lying. | # Al-Haram al-Shar'i: (prohibited by religion) is an act prohibited by religious source, such as prohibition of lying. | ||
# Al-Haram al-'Aqli: (prohibited by reason) is an act prohibited only by pure reason, for instance eating something that cause severe harm to body (However, according to the rule: "whatever ordered by reason is ordered by religion" it is religiously Haram, as well). | # Al-Haram al-'Aqli: (prohibited by reason) is an act prohibited only by pure reason, for instance eating something that cause severe harm to body (However, according to the rule: "whatever ordered by reason is ordered by religion" it is religiously Haram, as well).<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif fiqh-i muqārin'', vol. 1, p. 430.</ref> | ||
* '''Al-Nafsi and al-Ghayri''': (prohibited for itself or another thing) | * '''Al-Nafsi and al-Ghayri''': (prohibited for itself or another thing) | ||
# Al-Haram al-Nafsi: (prohibited by itself) is an act that is prohibited for itself, such as harming other people. | # Al-Haram al-Nafsi: (prohibited by itself) is an act that is prohibited for itself, such as harming other people. | ||
# Al-Haram al-Ghayri (prohibited for another thing) is an act prohibited because it is a preparation for a Haram act, for instance cultivation of grapes by the intention of making wine. | # Al-Haram al-Ghayri (prohibited for another thing) is an act prohibited because it is a preparation for a Haram act, for instance cultivation of grapes by the intention of making wine.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif fiqh-i muqārin'', vol. 1, p. 430.</ref> | ||
* '''Permanent and Impermanent''': | * '''Permanent and Impermanent''': | ||
# Permanent Haram: is an act that is Haram for all the time, such as marrying mother-in-law. | # Permanent Haram: is an act that is Haram for all the time, such as marrying mother-in-law. | ||
# Impermanent Haram: is a Haram act that is possible to become [[Halal]], for instance marrying wife's sister is Haram for husband as long as the wife is married to the husband. | # Impermanent Haram: is a Haram act that is possible to become [[Halal]], for instance marrying wife's sister is Haram for husband as long as the wife is married to the husband.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif fiqh-i muqārin'', vol. 1, p. 431.</ref> | ||
==Haram Acts== | ==Haram Acts== | ||
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===Haram Transactions=== | ===Haram Transactions=== | ||
Haram transactions have four categories: | Haram transactions have four categories:<ref>Anṣārī, ''al-Makāsib al-muḥarrama'', vol. 1, p. 5-380.</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| 4 || Earning money by doing Haram || [[bribery]], insulting a believer, [[magic]] and witchery, [[Ghina]], gambling and defrauding || | | 4 || Earning money by doing Haram || [[bribery]], insulting a believer, [[magic]] and witchery, [[Ghina]], gambling and defrauding || | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | *Anṣārī, Murtaḍā. ''Al-Makāsib al-muḥarrama''. Qom: Kungira-yi Jahānī-yi Shaykh Anṣārī, 1415 AH. | ||
*Ḥāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. ''Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq-i madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt''. Qom: Muʾassisat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, 1426 AH. | |||
*Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif fiqh-i muqārin''. Qom: Madrisat al-Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāli, 1385 Sh. | |||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||