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Marwan b. al-Hakam: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = <!--default is the page name--> | | name = <!--default is the page name--> | ||
| known for = 4th caliph of | | known for = 4th caliph of Banu Umayya | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
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| Activities = Participating in battles of [[battle of Jamal|Jamal]] and [[battle of Siffin|Siffin]], ... | | Activities = Participating in battles of [[battle of Jamal|Jamal]] and [[battle of Siffin|Siffin]], ... | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Marwān b. Ḥakam b. Abī l- | '''Marwān b. Ḥakam b. Abī l-ʿĀs b. Umayya''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|مروان بن حکم بن أبی العاص بن أمیه}}) was the fourth [[Umayyad]] caliph and the head of Marwanids. In his childhood, Marwan and his father were exiled to [[Ta'if]] and were returned to [[Medina]] by the third caliph, [['Uthman b. 'Affan]], where he received a position in the administration of the [[caliphate]]. In the battles of [[Jamal]] and [[Battle of Siffin|Siffin]], he stood against [[Imam 'Ali (a)]]. Later he opposed burying the body of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] beside the grave of the [[Holy Prophet (s)]] who was his grandfather. He also later had an argument with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] as he (a) did not give [[allegiance]] to [[Yazid]]. After withdrawal of [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid]] from caliphate, Marwan took the caliphate and after about ten months, was poisoned by his wife and died in [[65]]/685. | ||
== | ==Birth and Lineage == | ||
Marwan b. Hakam b. Abi al-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf was born in 2/623. His [[kunya]] was Abu 'Abd al-Malik and since he was tall while he had an unbalanced body, he became famous as Khit Batil. He was the first person from among the children of Hakam b. Abi al-'As who reached caliphate and Banu Marwan are called after him. | Marwan b. Hakam b. Abi al-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf was born in 2/623. His [[kunya]] was Abu 'Abd al-Malik and since he was tall while he had an unbalanced body, he became famous as Khit Batil. He was the first person from among the children of Hakam b. Abi al-'As who reached caliphate and Banu Marwan are called after him. | ||
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Historical sources have mentioned his actions among the major causes of uprising against 'Uthman and his killing. One of his actions was his report about inviting people to uprising by [['Ammar b. Yasir]] which led to 'Uthman’s order to assault and beat 'Ammar so much that 'Ammar dropped unconscious. | Historical sources have mentioned his actions among the major causes of uprising against 'Uthman and his killing. One of his actions was his report about inviting people to uprising by [['Ammar b. Yasir]] which led to 'Uthman’s order to assault and beat 'Ammar so much that 'Ammar dropped unconscious. | ||
== Opposing Imam | == Opposing Imam Ali (a) == | ||
After Imam 'Ali (a) became the caliph in 35/656, Marwan did not give allegiance to him and escaped to Mecca and joined 'A'isha. | After Imam 'Ali (a) became the caliph in 35/656, Marwan did not give allegiance to him and escaped to Mecca and joined 'A'isha. | ||
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In the [[Battle of Siffin]], Marwan, in Umayyad army, stood against Imam 'Ali (a). In this battle, [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan|Mu'awiya]] asked Marwan to stand against [[Malik al-Ashtar]] and fight with him but Marwan refused and excused. According to a report, after the battle, Imam (a) gave him safe conduct and Marwan gave allegiance to Imam (a) and returned to Medina and settled there. | In the [[Battle of Siffin]], Marwan, in Umayyad army, stood against Imam 'Ali (a). In this battle, [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan|Mu'awiya]] asked Marwan to stand against [[Malik al-Ashtar]] and fight with him but Marwan refused and excused. According to a report, after the battle, Imam (a) gave him safe conduct and Marwan gave allegiance to Imam (a) and returned to Medina and settled there. | ||
== | ==Government of Medina == | ||
In 41/661, after Mu'awiya reached the caliphate, Marwan was appointed as the governor of Medina. After a while, Mu'awiya appended Mecca and Medina to the government of Marwan. Later, Mu'awiya dismissed Marwan and replaced him with Sa’id b. Abi al-'As. Some reports referred to Marwan’s refusal of taking allegiance of people for Yazid, son of Mu’awiya as the cause of this dismissal. | In 41/661, after Mu'awiya reached the caliphate, Marwan was appointed as the governor of Medina. After a while, Mu'awiya appended Mecca and Medina to the government of Marwan. Later, Mu'awiya dismissed Marwan and replaced him with Sa’id b. Abi al-'As. Some reports referred to Marwan’s refusal of taking allegiance of people for Yazid, son of Mu’awiya as the cause of this dismissal. | ||
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One of the important actions he did during his short rule was minting Dinar coins of Sham, on which the verse “Qul Hu-wa Allah-u Ahad” ([[Sura al-Ikhlas|“Say, He is Allah, the One”]]) was inscribed. | One of the important actions he did during his short rule was minting Dinar coins of Sham, on which the verse “Qul Hu-wa Allah-u Ahad” ([[Sura al-Ikhlas|“Say, He is Allah, the One”]]) was inscribed. | ||
== | ==Death == | ||
After Yazid died, Marwan married Umm Khalid bt. Hashim b. 'Ataba b. Rabi'a (wife of Yazid and mother of Khalid b. Yazid) so that Umm Khalid bear a child for him. One day, in a gathering, he swore at the mother of Khalid b. Yazid which made him angry and objected to his mother, but she asked him to keep silent and promised him the he would never again hear a bad word from Marwan. After this happening, Umm Khalid poisoned Marwan and killed him. | After Yazid died, Marwan married Umm Khalid bt. Hashim b. 'Ataba b. Rabi'a (wife of Yazid and mother of Khalid b. Yazid) so that Umm Khalid bear a child for him. One day, in a gathering, he swore at the mother of Khalid b. Yazid which made him angry and objected to his mother, but she asked him to keep silent and promised him the he would never again hear a bad word from Marwan. After this happening, Umm Khalid poisoned Marwan and killed him. | ||