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Marwan b. al-Hakam: Difference between revisions
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| Successor = [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] | | Successor = [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] | ||
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'''Marwān b. al-Ḥakam b. Abī l-ʿĀs b. Umayya''' (Arabic: {{ | '''Marwān b. al-Ḥakam b. Abī l-ʿĀs b. Umayya''' (Arabic: {{ia|مروان بن الحکم بن أبي العاص بن أمیة}}) was the fourth [[Umayyad]] caliph and the head of Marwanids. The [[Prophet (s)]] exiled Marwan and his father, to [[Ta'if]]. He was taken back to [[Medina]] by the third caliph, [['Uthman b. 'Affan]], where he received a position in the administration of the [[caliphate]]. In the battles of [[Jamal]] and [[Battle of Siffin|Siffin]], he stood against [[Imam Ali (a)]]. Later he opposed burying the body of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] beside the grave of his grandfather, the Prophet (s). He later had an argument with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] as the latter (a) did not give [[allegiance]] to [[Yazid]]. After the withdrawal of [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid]] from caliphate, Marwan took the caliphate and after about ten months, he was killed by his wife in [[65]]/685. | ||
==Birth and Lineage == | ==Birth and Lineage == | ||
Marwan b. al-Hakam b. Abi l-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf was born in [[2]]/623. His [[ | Marwan b. al-Hakam b. Abi l-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf was born in [[2]]/623. His [[teknonym]] was Abu 'Abd al-Malik<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> and since he was tall while he had an unbalanced body, he became famous as "Khayt al-Batil" (deviated lanky).<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 3, p. 1388; Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 4, p. 369.</ref> He was the first person from among the children of al-Hakam b. Abi l-'As who reached caliphate and Banu Marwan are called after him.<ref>Samʿānī, ''al-Ansāb'', vol. 12, p. 205.</ref> | ||
The father of Marwan, al-Hakam b. Abi l-'As b. Umayya was cursed and exiled by the Prophet (s) because of exposing the Prophet's (s) secrets before the chiefs of [[Quraysh]]<ref>Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 4, p. 368.</ref> and thus he is not counted among the [[Sahaba|companions]] of the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 3, p. 1387.</ref> Some reports have mentioned Ta'if as the birthplace of Marwan. He settled in Ta'if together with his father and at the time of [[Abu Bakr]] and [['Umar]] remained in exile.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 359, 360.</ref> | The father of Marwan, al-Hakam b. Abi l-'As b. Umayya was cursed and exiled by the Prophet (s) because of exposing the Prophet's (s) secrets before the chiefs of [[Quraysh]]<ref>Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 4, p. 368.</ref> and thus he is not counted among the [[Sahaba|companions]] of the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 3, p. 1387.</ref> Some reports have mentioned Ta'if as the birthplace of Marwan. He settled in Ta'if together with his father and at the time of [[Abu Bakr]] and [['Umar]] remained in exile.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 359, 360.</ref> | ||
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== Opposing Imam Ali (a) == | == Opposing Imam Ali (a) == | ||
After Imam Ali (a) became the caliph in [[35]]/656, Marwan did not give allegiance to him and escaped to Mecca and joined [['A'isha]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 73.</ref> | After Imam Ali (a) became the caliph in [[35]]/656, Marwan did not give [[allegiance]] to him and escaped to Mecca and joined [['A'isha]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 73.</ref> | ||
He was among the people who provoked [[Talha]] and [[al-Zubayr]] to revolt and make a government and asked them to force people to give allegiance to them.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 78, 79.</ref> In the [[Battle of Jamal]], he was in the army of Talha and al-Zubayr<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 204.</ref> and sought the vengeance of 'Uthman<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> He killed Talha and mentioned vengeance of 'Uthman as his reason. However, according to some historians, it was because Talha wanted to withdraw from war.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 148.</ref> | He was among the people who provoked [[Talha]] and [[al-Zubayr]] to revolt and make a government and asked them to force people to give allegiance to them.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 78, 79.</ref> In the [[Battle of Jamal]], he was in the army of Talha and al-Zubayr<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 204.</ref> and sought the vengeance of 'Uthman<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> He killed Talha and mentioned vengeance of 'Uthman as his reason. However, according to some historians, it was because Talha wanted to withdraw from war.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 148.</ref> | ||
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== Caliphate == | == Caliphate == | ||
After [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid]] withdrew from caliphate ([[64]]/683), Umayyads gave allegiance to Marwan for caliphate.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> To strengthen his government, Marwan first went to Jabiya (north of Hawran) and called people to himself and in 64/683-684, people of [[Jordan]] gave allegiance to him. He then went to Syria and tried to correct affairs. In Syria, [[Dahhak b. Qays al-Fihri]] was calling people to give allegiance to [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and this led to his battle with Marwan when Dahhak was defeated and killed.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 204.</ref> | After [[Mu'awiya b. Yazid]] withdrew from caliphate ([[64]]/683), Umayyads gave [[allegiance]] to Marwan for caliphate.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> To strengthen his government, Marwan first went to Jabiya (north of Hawran) and called people to himself and in 64/683-684, people of [[Jordan]] gave allegiance to him. He then went to Syria and tried to correct affairs. In Syria, [[Dahhak b. Qays al-Fihri]] was calling people to give allegiance to [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and this led to his battle with Marwan when Dahhak was defeated and killed.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 204.</ref> | ||
To expand his rule, Marwan sent an army to [[Egypt]] and brought the people there who wanted to give allegiance to 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr under his own control. He then appointed his son, [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan|'Abd al-Malik]] to the government there. Then, he returned to Syria and died soon.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> | To expand his rule, Marwan sent an army to [[Egypt]] and brought the people there who wanted to give allegiance to 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr under his own control. He then appointed his son, [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan|'Abd al-Malik]] to the government there. Then, he returned to Syria and died soon.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> | ||
One of the important actions he did during his short rule was minting Dinar coins of Syria, on which the first verse of [[Sura al-Ikhlas | One of the important actions he did during his short rule was minting Dinar coins of Syria, on which the first verse of the [[Qur'an 112]] (Sura al-Ikhlas) was inscribed.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 4, p. 204.</ref> | ||
==Death == | ==Death == | ||
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According to historical reports, Umm Khalid suffocated him with a pillow when he was sleeping.<ref>Ibn al-ʿImrānī, ''al-Inbāʾ'', p. 49.</ref> According to another report, Marwan was struck by plague and it killed him.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> | According to historical reports, Umm Khalid suffocated him with a pillow when he was sleeping.<ref>Ibn al-ʿImrānī, ''al-Inbāʾ'', p. 49.</ref> According to another report, Marwan was struck by plague and it killed him.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 207.</ref> | ||
Marwan's caliphate lasted nine or ten months. He died at the beginning of the month of | Marwan's caliphate lasted nine or ten months. He died at the beginning of the [[month of Ramadan]], 65/685 at the age of 64.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 3, p. 1389.</ref> Before his death, he had made his son, 'Abd al-Malik, as the crown prince and appointed his other son, 'Abd al-'Aziz, as the second crown prince; so, after the death of Marwan, 'Abd al-Malik became the caliph and people of [[Syria]] gave allegiance to him.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||