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Ihtilam: Difference between revisions
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==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
Ihtilam is as an Arabic term derived from the term ḥulm (dream) which means [[semen]] discharge in sleep. [[Jurists|Faqihs]] believe ihtilam means "semen discharge in sleep" or "ejaculation of semen". Those who experience ihtilam are called muhtalim. | Ihtilam is as an Arabic term derived from the term ḥulm (dream) which means [[semen]] discharge in sleep.<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿarab'', under the word «{{ia|حلم}}».</ref> [[Jurists|Faqihs]] believe ihtilam means "semen discharge in sleep" or "ejaculation of semen".<ref>Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 294.</ref> Those who experience ihtilam are called muhtalim. | ||
Ihtilam is pointed out in the Holy [[Qur'an]] in [[Sura al-Nur]] [[verse]]s 58 and 59. In addition [[al-Kulayni]] dedicated a chapter of his book ''[[al-Kafi]]'' to "ihtilam al-rijal wa al-mar'a" (ihtilam of Men and Women) and he cited seven [[hadiths]] in this chapter. | Ihtilam is pointed out in the Holy [[Qur'an]] in [[Sura al-Nur]] [[verse]]s 58 and 59. In addition [[al-Kulayni]] dedicated a chapter of his book ''[[al-Kafi]]'' to "ihtilam al-rijal wa al-mar'a" (ihtilam of Men and Women) and he cited seven [[hadiths]] in this chapter.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 3, p. 48.</ref> | ||
==Jurisprudential Rules== | ==Jurisprudential Rules== | ||
In [[Tawdih al-masa'il]] there is no chapter or section dedicated to ihtam and its rules but they are cited specifically in sections of [[hajj]] and [[fasting]]. | In [[Tawdih al-masa'il]] there is no chapter or section dedicated to ihtam and its rules but they are cited specifically in sections of [[hajj]] and [[fasting]]. | ||
According to Shia jurists in [[Islam]] Ihtilam is regarded as one of the signs of [[puberty]] of men, and their conclusions are all based on [[hadiths]] narrated by [[Yusuf al-Bahrani]] who described them as mutakathir (abundant). | According to Shia jurists in [[Islam]] Ihtilam is regarded as one of the signs of [[puberty]] of men,<ref>Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 294.</ref> and their conclusions are all based on [[hadiths]] narrated by [[Yusuf al-Bahrani]] who described them as mutakathir (abundant).<ref>Baḥrānī, ''al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāẓira'', vol. 20, p. 345.</ref> | ||
Those who experience Ihtilam are required to perform [[ghusl]] (ritual bath) before performing religious rituals including saying [[prayers]] and observing [[fast]] or entering [[mosque]]s, reading Qur'anic verses with [[obligatory sajda]] (prostrating). | Those who experience Ihtilam are required to perform [[ghusl]] (ritual bath) before performing religious rituals including saying [[prayers]] and observing [[fast]] or entering [[mosque]]s, reading Qur'anic verses with [[obligatory sajda]] (prostrating).<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 285-287.</ref> | ||
If there are doubts on whether it was a semen discharge or not, the rule is that if discharge occurred with the specified signs -in the [[manuals of Islamic law]]- such as orgasm, ghusl (full ablution) is required, otherwise it is not. | If there are doubts on whether it was a semen discharge or not, the rule is that if discharge occurred with the specified signs -in the [[manuals of Islamic law]]- such as orgasm, ghusl (full ablution) is required, otherwise it is not.<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 497.</ref> | ||
If a person intended to fast and he experience ihtilam before the time of [[dawn prayers]], ghusl is required before dawn prayers' time. However if he experience ihtilam during the day, [[fasting]] is | If a person intended to fast and he experience ihtilam before the time of [[dawn prayers]], ghusl is required before dawn prayers' time. However if he experience ihtilam during the day, his [[fasting]] is valid.<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 547.</ref> | ||
If ihtilam occurs during [[ihram]] in hajj, ihram is not invalid. | If ihtilam occurs during [[ihram]] in hajj, ihram is not invalid. | ||
Some jurists believe if ihtilam occurs in [[Masjid al-Haram]] or [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] it is required to perform [[tayammum]] before leaving the mosque. | Some jurists believe if ihtilam occurs in [[Masjid al-Haram]] or [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] it is required to perform [[tayammum]] before leaving the mosque.<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 510.</ref> | ||
Sexual intercourse is regarded [[Makruh|disliked]] for muhtalims, and performing [[wudu]] (partial ablution) is required. | Sexual intercourse is regarded [[Makruh|disliked]] for muhtalims, and performing [[wudu]] (partial ablution) is required.<ref>Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 294.</ref> | ||
==Ihtilam of Women== | ==Ihtilam of Women== | ||
Ihtilam is not only assigned to men, and it occurs to women as well. A number of jurists believed ghusl is not required for muhtalim women which is ascribed in ''[[al-Muqni']]'' by [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]]. However most of [[jurists]] believe that if a woman experiences ihtilam she is required to perform ghusl. Also al-Shaykh al-Saduq has mentioned a narration on the mentioned rule. | Ihtilam is not only assigned to men, and it occurs to women as well.<ref>Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 294.</ref> A number of jurists believed ghusl is not required for muhtalim women<ref>Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 294.</ref> which is ascribed in ''[[al-Muqni']]'' by [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Muqniʿ'', p. 42.</ref> However most of [[jurists]] believe that if a woman experiences ihtilam she is required to perform ghusl. Also al-Shaykh al-Saduq has mentioned a narration on the mentioned rule.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Muqniʿ'', p. 42.</ref> | ||
==Supplications to Avoid Ihtilam== | ==Supplications to Avoid Ihtilam== | ||
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{{ia|اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّی أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الِاحْتِلَامِ وَ مِنْ سُوءِ الْأَحْلَامِ وَ مِنْ أَنْ یتَلَاعَبَ بیالشَّیطَانُ فِی الْیقَظَةِ وَ الْمَنَامِ}} | {{ia|اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّی أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الِاحْتِلَامِ وَ مِنْ سُوءِ الْأَحْلَامِ وَ مِنْ أَنْ یتَلَاعَبَ بیالشَّیطَانُ فِی الْیقَظَةِ وَ الْمَنَامِ}} | ||
(Oh God, rescue me from bad dreams and ihtilam, and rescue me from wickedness of Satan in deceiving me in my sleep and awareness). | (Oh God, rescue me from bad dreams and ihtilam, and rescue me from wickedness of Satan in deceiving me in my sleep and awareness).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 1, p. 471.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ref}} | |||
*Baḥrānī, Yūsuf b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāẓira'', vol. 20, p. 345. | |||
*Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. ''Farhang-i fiqh''. Qom: Muʾassisat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1390 Sh. | |||
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Translated by Muḥamamd Bāqir Kamaraʾī. Qom: Uswa, 1375 Sh. | |||
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Muqniʿ''. Qom: Muʾassisat Imām al-Hādī, 1415 AH. | |||
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, [n.d]. | |||
*Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥamamd Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1409 AH. | |||
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