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Tayammum: Difference between revisions
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'''Tayammum''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|التیمم}}) is a ritual act which becomes obligatory instead of [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]]. Its steps are: hitting the palms of both hands on soil and rubbing them on the forehead and the back of the hands. | '''Tayammum''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|التیمم}}) is a ritual act which becomes obligatory instead of [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]]. Its steps are: hitting the palms of both hands on soil and rubbing them on the forehead and the back of the hands. The purity created by Tayammum is similar to that of Wudu and Ghusl and has no difference. Tayammum is also called Taharat Turabiyya ({{iarabic|الطهارة الترابية}}). | ||
Two [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] | Two [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]] and more than 220 [[hadiths]] discuss Tayammum and its conditions and rulings. | ||
== Meaning == | == Meaning == | ||
In jurisprudential terminology, the word "Tayammum" refers to the act of touching the forehead and the back of the hands. If [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]] is not possible, Tayammum substitutes them. Tayammum is also called "Taharat Turabiyya" while Wudu and Ghusl are called "Taharat Ma'iyya" ({{iarabic|الطهارة المائية}}). | |||
== | ==In the Qur'an and Hadiths== | ||
In two [[verses]], the [[Qur'an]] refers to Tayammum and its rulings: verse 43 of [[sura al-Nisa']] and verse 6 of [[sura al-Ma'ida]]. | In two [[verses]], the [[Qur'an]] refers to Tayammum and its rulings: verse 43 of [[sura al-Nisa']] and verse 6 of [[sura al-Ma'ida]]. | ||
In ''[[Wasa'il al-Shi'a]]'' and ''[[Mustadrak al-wasa'il]]'', there are more than 220 [[hadiths]] about the manner and conditions of Tayammum. | In ''[[Wasa'il al-Shi'a]]'' and ''[[Mustadrak al-wasa'il]]'', there are more than 220 [[hadiths]] about the manner and conditions of Tayammum. | ||
== | == As a Substitute for Wudu or Ghusl == | ||
One who cannot perform Wudu, needs to perform Tayammum instead of Wudu for doing things which require Wudu and one who cannot perform Ghusl, needs to perform Tayammum instead of Ghusl for doing things which require Ghusl. If Tayammum is done instead of Ghusl of [[Janabat]] and then one of the things which cancels Wudu (such as urinating or sleeping) happens, (if the person is still in a condition which requires Ghusl), for doing things like prayer, he needs to perform Wudu if he can, otherwise he has to perform Tayammum instead of Wudu. There are different opinions regarding sufficiency of Tayammum instead of Ghusl of Janabat instead of Wudu or Tayammum instead of Wudu. | One who cannot perform Wudu, needs to perform Tayammum instead of Wudu for doing things which require Wudu and one who cannot perform Ghusl, needs to perform Tayammum instead of Ghusl for doing things which require Ghusl. If Tayammum is done instead of Ghusl of [[Janabat]] and then one of the things which cancels Wudu (such as urinating or sleeping) happens, (if the person is still in a condition which requires Ghusl), for doing things like prayer, he needs to perform Wudu if he can, otherwise he has to perform Tayammum instead of Wudu. There are different opinions regarding sufficiency of Tayammum instead of Ghusl of Janabat instead of Wudu or Tayammum instead of Wudu. | ||
These two Tayammum are different and some | These two Tayammum are different and some jurisprudents believe that in Tayammum instead of Ghusl, one needs to hit the palms of his hands on soil twice, once at the beginning and once before rubbing the back of his hands. | ||
== Cases of the Obligation | == Cases of the Obligation == | ||
* When there is not enough water available for Wudu or Ghusl. | * When there is not enough water available for Wudu or Ghusl. | ||
* When there is enough water available for Wudu or Ghusl, but using it may consume the water the person or his companions needs for drinking. | * When there is enough water available for Wudu or Ghusl, but using it may consume the water the person or his companions needs for drinking. | ||
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* When there is not enough time for Wudu or Ghusl. | * When there is not enough time for Wudu or Ghusl. | ||
== | == Procedure == | ||
# First the person needs to put the palms of hands on something which is alright for Tayammum having the intention of | # First the person needs to put the palms of hands on something which is alright for Tayammum having the intention of performing God's command (some marja's also require a small hit of hands, not just slowly putting the hands on the soil). | ||
# To rub the palms of both hands on the forehead from the line of growing hairs down to eyebrows (and on the eyebrows according to some fatwas). (Hairs of the head must not block the performance.) | # To rub the palms of both hands on the forehead from the line of growing hairs down to eyebrows (and on the eyebrows according to some fatwas). (Hairs of the head must not block the performance.) | ||
# The whole palm of left hand needs to be rubbed on the whole back of the right hand from the wrist to the tips of fingers. | # The whole palm of left hand needs to be rubbed on the whole back of the right hand from the wrist to the tips of fingers. | ||
# The same as in step | # The same as in step three needs to be done for the left hand as well. | ||
Some | Some marja's believe that before rubbing the hands (steps three and four) one needs to hit his palms on the soil once again; and some believe that in addition to the four steps above, one needs to hit his palms on the soil once again and rub the back of his hands once more (i.e. repeats steps 1, 3 and 4). | ||
== Points == | === Points === | ||
* In Tayammum, Muwalat is a condition; i.e. there should not be a long break between the steps. | * In Tayammum, Muwalat is a condition; i.e. there should not be a long break between the steps. | ||
* In Tayammum, the place to be touched should be still and the hands move on it. | * In Tayammum, the place to be touched should be still and the hands should move on it. | ||
* The | * The organs involved in Tayammum should be ritually pure and there should be no obstacle on them. If it is not possible to remove an obstacle from the skin, Tayammum should be performed in [[Jabira]] form. | ||
* | * Under normal conditions, one should not get help from someone else in performing Tayammum. | ||
* Rubbing of hands on the nose is not necessary. | * Rubbing of hands on the nose is not necessary. | ||
* After hitting the palms on the soil, they can be hit together so that the extra soil on them pours. | * After hitting the palms on the soil, they can be hit together so that the extra soil on them pours. | ||
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== Things which are Alright to Make Tayammum On == | == Things which are Alright to Make Tayammum On == | ||
According to the verse 6 of [[ | According to the verse 6 of [[Sura al-Ma'ida]], Tayammum need to be performed on "Sa'id" ({{iarabic|سعيد}}), but there are different opinions among lexicologists and thus among [[marja']]s whether "Sa'id" only refers to the soil or whatever grows out of the earth. | ||
According to some [[ | According to some [[fatwa]]s, Tayammum must be performed on soil as the first choice; however, if it was not available, it can be done on sand, gravel, clod, clay or stone (which has some dust on it). | ||
There are different opinions about the permission of performing Tayammum on plaster, cement, brick, tile, etc. | There are different opinions about the permission of performing Tayammum on plaster, cement, brick, tile, etc. | ||
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== Other Rulings == | == Other Rulings == | ||
* Anything that nullifies Wudu can nullify Tayammum too and everything that nullifies Ghusl, can nullify Tayammum | * Anything that nullifies Wudu can nullify Tayammum (which is performed as a substitute for Wudu) too and everything that nullifies Ghusl, can nullify Tayammum (which is performed as a substitute for Ghusl) too. | ||
* If for the lack of time, one | * If for the lack of time, one performs Tayammum instead of Ghusl (such as the moments before the call for prayer in the month of [[Ramadan]]), for doing other practices such as prayer, the person needs to perform Ghusl. | ||
* | * If the cause for which one has performed Tayammum is no longer in place, there are different fatwas about repeating the practices one has performed while in Tayammum. For example, if in the afternoon, one thinks that one will not find water and performs one's prayer by doing Tayammum, but later one finds water, there are different fatwas about whether or not one has to repeat his prayer after performing Wudu or Ghusl. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[es:Tayammum]] | [[es:Tayammum]] | ||
[[id:Tayammum]] | [[id:Tayammum]] | ||
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