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'''Battle of Khaybar''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|غزوة خیبر}}) was a battle or [[ghazwa]] by the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] that | '''Battle of Khaybar''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|غزوة خیبر}}) was a battle or [[ghazwa]] by the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] against Jews of [[Khaybar]] region that began in [[Muharram]] of [[7]]/628 and ended with the victorious of Muslims in [[Safar]] of the same year. The battle started because Jews in Khaybar had given refuge to Jews who were expelled from [[Medina]] and incited some Arabian tribes against Muslims. Muslims won the battle and according to a treaty between Jews and [[the Prophet (s)]] they were to leave the region with their families; in the second treaty the Prophet (s) agreed that they stay in the region and continue their agriculture but pay half of their benefit to Muslims instead. | ||
One remarkable feature of the battle is [[Imam Ali]]'s (a) gallantry in conquering some forts of Khaybar. | |||
==Location of Khaybar== | ==Location of Khaybar== | ||
Today the area of Khaybar is located 165 kilometers north of Medina in the road leading to | {{main|Khaybar}} | ||
Today the area of Khaybar is located 165 kilometers north of [[Medina]] in the road leading to Syria (Tabuk Road), and its center is the city of al-Shurayf. The area includes a number of villages and green farms located in Khaybar oasis in a stone area of a height of about 854 meters above the sea level. Khaybar includes large valleys and water, agriculture, and a large population. Its main agricultural product is date, for which it has long been known. | |||
==Backgrounds of the Battle== | ==Backgrounds of the Battle== | ||
In 4 | In [[4]]/625 after [[the Prophet (s)]] expelled the [[Banu Nadir]] Jews from Medina because of their betrayals, some of them took refuge to Khaybar. One year later they went to [[Mecca]] and incited the [[Quraysh]] against the Prophet (s). Thus Khaybar turned into a center of conspiracy against the newly emergent Islamic [[Umma]]. | ||
In [[Sha'ban]] of 6 | In [[Sha'ban]] of 6/December 627, when the Prophet (s) learned that the [[Banu Sa'd b. Bakr]] tribe—an Arabian neighbor of Khaybar—gathered to help the Jews of Khaybar, he sent [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] and a group of Muslims to them. The enemy escaped after 'Ali's (a) attack and Muslims seized the booties. In [[Ramadan]] of 6/January 628, [[Salam b. Abi l-Haqiq]] was killed because of inciting groups of Quraysh against the Prophet (s) and Muslims in a [[Sariyya]] (or expedition) under the commandership of [['Abd Allah b. 'Atik]]. At the same time, [['Abd Allah b. Rawaha]] was commissioned by the Prophet (s) to investigate the conditions of the Jews in Khaybar. | ||
After this, Jews of Khaybar elected Usayr b. Zarim or Yusayr b. Rizam as their ruler, and he tried to incite Arabian tribes, such as [[Ghatafan]], to fight with the Prophet (s). He intended to attack Medina with their help. Thus in [[Shawwal]] of 6 | After this, Jews of Khaybar elected Usayr b. Zarim or Yusayr b. Rizam as their ruler, and he tried to incite Arabian tribes, such as [[Ghatafan]], to fight with the Prophet (s). He intended to attack Medina with their help. Thus in [[Shawwal]] of 6/February 628, once again the Prophet (s) sent 'Abd Allah b. Rawaha to Khaybar for an expedition in which Usayr and some Jews in his company were killed. | ||
Moreover, when the Jews of [[Banu Qurayza]] were expelled from Medina and peace was back there and an agreement was made with other Jews of Medina, Jews of Khaybar, with whom the heads of Banu Nadir lived, sought to revenge on the Prophet (s). They spent their money to incite neighboring Arabs, including the strong tribe of Ghatafan, against the Muslims. This was a sufficient reason for the Prophet (s) to attack Khaybar soon after the [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]]. | Moreover, when the Jews of [[Banu Qurayza]] were expelled from Medina and peace was back there and an agreement was made with other Jews of Medina, Jews of Khaybar, with whom the heads of Banu Nadir lived, sought to revenge on the Prophet (s). They spent their money to incite neighboring Arabs, including the strong tribe of Ghatafan, against the Muslims. This was a sufficient reason for the Prophet (s) to attack Khaybar soon after the [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]]. | ||
==The Date of the Battle of Khaybar== | ==The Date of the Battle of Khaybar== | ||
The Prophet (s) departed for the Battle of Khaybar in the early [[Muharram]] | The Prophet (s) departed for the Battle of Khaybar in the early [[Muharram]] of [[7]]/May 628 and conquered the area in the [[Safar]]/June, and returned to Medina on [[Rabi' I 1]], 7/[[July 9]], 628. | ||
==The Prophet (s)'s Successor in Medina== | ==The Prophet (s)'s Successor in Medina== | ||
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==Number of Muslim Soldiers== | ==Number of Muslim Soldiers== | ||
On some account, the number of Muslims in the Battle of Khaybar was 1400 people, and on others, it was equal to the number of soldiers in the [[Battle of Hudaybiyya]], that is 1500 or 1540. In the Battle of Khaybar 20 women accompanied the army of the Prophet | On some account, the number of Muslims in the Battle of Khaybar was 1400 people, and on others, it was equal to the number of soldiers in the [[Battle of Hudaybiyya]], that is 1500 or 1540. In the Battle of Khaybar 20 women accompanied the army of the Prophet (s), including [[Umm Salama]], the Prophet's (s) wife. Some women from [[Banu Ghifar]] attended the battle with the permission of the Prophet (s) in order to take care of injured soldiers and help Muslims. Tens of Jews in Medina as well as some slaves also attended the battle. | ||
==Number of People in Khaybar== | ==Number of People in Khaybar== | ||
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==Report of the Battle== | ==Report of the Battle== | ||
===Commencement of the Battle=== | ===Commencement of the Battle=== | ||
The Prophet (s) and his army departed to Khaybar with two informants. He ordered one of the informants to guide the army in such a way that they would eventually stop between Khaybar and | The Prophet (s) and his army departed to Khaybar with two informants. He ordered one of the informants to guide the army in such a way that they would eventually stop between Khaybar and Syria, so that people of Khaybar could not be assisted by their Ghatafani allies. Of several ways leading to Khaybar, the Prophet (s) went on the road known as Marhab. It was later known that the Jews were horrified by Muslim attacks. | ||
===The War Strategy of Jews in Khaybar=== | ===The War Strategy of Jews in Khaybar=== | ||
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===The Army of Islam Entering Khaybar=== | ===The Army of Islam Entering Khaybar=== | ||
After crossing the forts of Shiqq and Natat, the Prophet (s) arrived near Khaybar at night and spent the night there. The next day they moved on until they arrived in Manzila. In Manzila, the Prophet (s) selected a place as a mosque and said [[prayers]] there. The place later turned into the Mosque of Khaybar. In the morning, Jews of Khaybar were surprised by the Prophet (s) | After crossing the forts of Shiqq and Natat, the Prophet (s) arrived near Khaybar at night and spent the night there. The next day they moved on until they arrived in Manzila. In Manzila, the Prophet (s) selected a place as a mosque and said [[prayers]] there. The place later turned into the Mosque of Khaybar. In the morning, Jews of Khaybar were surprised by the Prophet's (s) arrival in the area and escaped to their forts. The Prophet (s) prohibited his people from killing women and children. That day, they fought the residents of the Natat Fort until night. The Prophet (s) then moved the military camp from its wet location that was in the range of arrows to an area called Raji'. He then ordered that some dates of Khaybar be cut. | ||
On the first day of the battle, 50 Muslims were injured. The Prophet (a) and his companions camped in Raji' for 7 days and nights. He fought the Jews together with Muslims each group of whom had their own flag. On the sixth night, a Jewish man from Natat, called Sammak, went to the Prophet (s) and asked for a safety conduct to guide them to the fort. He informed the Muslims that Natat, in which the Jews' supply of food and various weaponries were stored, was in turmoil, and its residents were leaving it. The next day, the Muslims conquered Natat. That Jewish man later became a Muslim. | On the first day of the battle, 50 Muslims were injured. The Prophet (a) and his [[companions]] camped in Raji' for 7 days and nights. He fought the Jews together with Muslims each group of whom had their own flag. On the sixth night, a Jewish man from Natat, called Sammak, went to the Prophet (s) and asked for a safety conduct to guide them to the fort. He informed the Muslims that Natat, in which the Jews' supply of food and various weaponries were stored, was in turmoil, and its residents were leaving it. The next day, the Muslims conquered Natat. That Jewish man later became a Muslim. | ||
===Conquest of the Na'im Fort=== | ===Conquest of the Na'im Fort=== | ||
It is said that the first fort of Khaybar conquered by the Prophet (s) was Na'im. The fort consisted of several forts. On that day, the Prophet (s) gave his white flag to two people from [[Muhajirun]] (on Ibn Ishaq's account, [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] and [['Umar b. Khattab]]) and then to a man from [[Ansar]]. But they returned without gaining any victory. The Prophet (s) said: | It is said that the first fort of Khaybar conquered by the Prophet (s) was Na'im. The fort consisted of several forts. On that day, the Prophet (s) gave his white flag to two people from [[Muhajirun]] (on Ibn Ishaq's account, [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] and [['Umar b. Khattab]]) and then to a man from [[Ansar]]. But they returned without gaining any victory. The Prophet (s) said: "Tomorrow I will give the flag to someone who is loved by God and His prophet, and God will give victory to Muslims on his hands, and he never runs away". The next morning, the Prophet (s) miraculously healed Imam 'Ali's (a) eyes that were in pain, and then gave the flag to him. | ||
===Conquest of the Qumus Fort=== | ===Conquest of the Qumus Fort=== | ||
On another account, the largest, strongest, and firmest fort of Khaybar was the | On another account, the largest, strongest, and firmest fort of Khaybar was the fort of Qumus. The Prophet (s) gave the flag of the conquest to Imam 'Ali (a). Imam 'Ali (a) conquered the fort by killing Marhab (the fort was also named after him). | ||
On Abu Rafi' | On Abu Rafi's account, near the gate of the fort a man stroke Imam 'Ali (a) and the shield fell from the Imam's (a) hand, so he had to use a door near the fort as his shield. He went on fighting with that door in his hand until he conquered the fort and gave the good news to the Prophet (s). On one account, that Jewish man was Marhab himself. It is said that the door was so heavy that only 40 or 70 people could lift it. The crucial conquest of Khaybar by Imam 'Ali (a) is one of his virtues agreed on by all narrators. When these brave Jewish men in the Fort of Na'im were killed, the way to the complete conquest of Khaybar was paved. | ||
===Siege and Conquest of the Fort of Natat=== | ===Siege and Conquest of the Fort of Natat=== | ||
The fort of Sa'b b. Ma'adh was also located in Natat in which food supplies, livestock, and commodities were stored and 500 warriors lived. Muslims sieged the | The fort of Sa'b b. Ma'adh was also located in Natat in which food supplies, livestock, and commodities were stored and 500 warriors lived. Muslims sieged the fort of Natat for 10 days and fought with the enemy. After two days of intense fighting, the fort of Sa'b b. Ma'adh was conquered on the morning of the third day. The Jews residing in the forts of Na'im, Natat and Sa'b b. Ma'adh left their forts and fled to the fort of al-Zubayr which was tall and firm. This fort was also sieged for three days until a Jewish man went to the Prophet (s) and asked for a safety conduct and gave Muslims the required information to conquer this last fort. | ||
===Relief of Muslims and Moving the Camp=== | ===Relief of Muslims and Moving the Camp=== | ||
People of the | People of the fort of Natat were the bravest Jews of Khaybar. When this fort was conquered, the Prophet (s) was assured that Jews could no long launch an attack against them, and ordered that the camp be moved from Raji' to its previous location, Manzila. They then moved to the fort of Shiqq that included several other forts. After an intense war, Muslims first conquered the fort of Sumran and then that of Nazar, and imprisoned their residents. | ||
===Peace Request by the Jews=== | ===Peace Request by the Jews=== | ||
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==The Duration of the Battle of Khaybar== | ==The Duration of the Battle of Khaybar== | ||
Contrary to what was initially believed, the Jews of Khaybar were finally defeated by the Prophet (s) and his army. It was the second defeat of Jews after about one month of war and siege. Thus the 7th year after [[Hijrat]] (628) was called | Contrary to what was initially believed, the Jews of Khaybar were finally defeated by the Prophet (s) and his army. It was the second defeat of Jews after about one month of war and siege. Thus the 7th year after [[Hijrat]] (628) was called "Sanat al-Istighlab" (the year of victory). | ||
==The Prophet (s) and some of his companions poisoned with meat given by a Jewish woman== | ==The Prophet (s) and some of his companions poisoned with meat given by a Jewish woman== | ||
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==Interpretation of some Quranic verses in terms of the Battle of Khaybar== | ==Interpretation of some Quranic verses in terms of the Battle of Khaybar== | ||
It is said that the verse of the [[Quran]], 48:18, in which God gave the good news of an | It is said that the verse of the [[Quran]], 48:18, in which God gave the good news of an "imminent conquest" or victory to Muslims, refers to the conquest of Khaybar, and the term, "many booties" (48:19), refers to the booties of the Battle of Khaybar. Some exegetes of the [[Quran]] interpreted verses 1 and 15 of [[Sura al-Fath]] (Quran: 18) to refer to the Battle of Khaybar too. Also the Quran, 33:27 ("and a land you have never trodden") is taken by exegetes to refer to the land of Khaybar. | ||
==Poems about the Conquest of Khaybar== | ==Poems about the Conquest of Khaybar== | ||
After the conquest of Khaybar, some poems, including [[Hassan b. Thabit]], composed poems with regard to it. | After the conquest of Khaybar, some poems, including [[Hassan b. Thabit]], composed poems with regard to it. | ||
==References== | |||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/غزوه_خیبر غزوه خیبر] in Farsi Wikishia. | |||
{{Ghazwas of the Prophet (s)}} | |||
[[fa:غزوه خیبر]] | [[fa:غزوه خیبر]] | ||
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[[ur:غزوہ خیبر]] | [[ur:غزوہ خیبر]] | ||
[[tr:Hayer Gazvesi]] | [[tr:Hayer Gazvesi]] | ||
[[Category:Ghazwas]] | |||