Banu Qaynuqa'
Banū Qaynuqāʿ (Arabic: بنو قَینُقاع) was a Jewish tribe who lived in Medina in early Islam. After hijra, they made a treaty with the Prophet (s), but they broke it.[1] Following a battle called the Battle of Banu Qaynuqa', they were besieged, so they surrendered and were exiled.[2]
Lineage
Some sources have doubted the Jewish origin of this tribe and considered them from the lineage of Esau, brother of prophet Jacob (a). However, given the similarity of Banu Qaynuqa's names and many traditions with Arab names and traditions, there is no valid reason to doubt their Jewish lineage.[3]
Before Islam
There is no information about their original home before migrating to Medina. A while after the dominance of Jewish tribes over Medina, their power passed to Aws and Khazraj. Inevitably, Jews were allied to other Arab tribes and contrary to the other two tribes (Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir) who allied with Aws, Banu Qaynuqa' allied with Khazraj.[4] However, Jawad Ali considers them allied with Aws. According to historical reports, there was rivalry between Banu Qaynuqa' and other Jewish tribes of Medina, i.e., Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir, and they have even fought several times.[5]
After entering Medina, Banu Qaynuqa resided southwest of the city and had a famous castle and market. Unlike other Jews, they did not have farmlands or palm fields and mostly worked in jewelry, metalwork, and shoe-making.
After Islam
After emigration to Medina, the Prophet (s) made a treaty with Jews and allowed them to stay in Medina, provided that they did not help anyone against him. Banu Qaynuqa' was the first tribe to break the treaty.[6] Following that, a battle occurred between them and Muslims who besieged them and exiled them after 15 days. First, the Prophet (s) ordered to behead their men and take their women and children as slaves but then changed his mind and exiled them to Adhria'at, a Syrian border region.[7]
See Also
Notes
- ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, vol. 1, p. 177.
- ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 309.
- ↑ Farhānī Munfarid, Banī Qaynuqāʿ, p. 470.
- ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 540.
- ↑ Khālid, Mujtamaʿ al-Madīna qabl al-Hijra wa baʿdahā, p. 39.
- ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, vol. 1, p. 177.
- ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 1, p. 309.
References
- Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥamīd Allāh. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1959 CE.
- Balʿamī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh nāma-yi Ṭabarī. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Alburz, 1373 Sh.
- Farhānī Munfarid, Mahdī. Banī Qaynuqāʿ. Dānishnāma-yi jahān-i Islām. Tehran: Bunyād-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Islāmī, 1375 Sh.
- Jawād ʿAlī. Al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Sāqī, 1422 AH.
- Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Muʿjam al-buldān. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1416 AH.
- Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965.
- Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1410 AH.
- Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
- Khālid, Ḥasan. Mujtamaʿ al-Madīna qabl al-hijra wa baʿdahā. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabīyya, 1406 AH.
- Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf. Cairo: Dār al-Ṣāwī, [n.d]. Chāp-i offset-i Qom: Muʾassasat Nashr al-Manābiʿ al-Thaqāfat al-Islāmīya.
- Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Furūgh-i abadīyyat. Qom: Būstān-i kitāb, 1385 Sh.
- Samhudī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2006.
- Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1390 AH.
- Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH.
- Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar. Al-Maghāzī. Beirut: Muʾassasa al-Aʿlamī, 1409 AH.