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Abrar (Arabic: الأبرار) refers to the benefactors[1] who are promised a place of abundant blessing in Paradise according to the Qur'an.[2] The Shi'a exegete Tabrisi defines the Abrar as those who obey God and perform good deeds.[3] They are characterized as individuals who avoid all forms of evil and would not annoy even an ant.[4] They spend (Infaq) their cherished possessions in the way of God,[5] seeking only His satisfaction and reward.[6] Allama Tabataba'i describes them as those who perform righteous acts out of faith in God and His Messenger (s).[7] Other definitions portray the Abrar as truthful in their faith[8] and obedient[9] to God. Some scholars interpret the term to denote individuals possessing correct beliefs, pure intentions, and righteous deeds.[10] In other exegeses, the Abrar are distinguished by their expansive spirit and high ambition,[11] residing at the peak of greatness and proximity to God.[12] Furthermore, certain exegetes identify Prophets (a), Shi'a Imams (a), and Divine Awliya as instances of the Abrar.[13]

The term "Abrar" appears six times[14] in the Qur'an—often in contrast to Fujjar (the wicked)[15]—and its derivatives appear twenty times.[16] The Qur'an praises the Abrar[17] and presents them as educational role models.[18] Conceptually, the term is linked to Ihsan (beneficence), Infaq (spending in God's way), Ta'awun, goodness, and faith.[19] Based on Qur'an 3:193, the Abrar occupy a station that even the wise (Ulu l-albab) aspire to attain.[20] According to Qur'anic verses[21] and the maxim "The good deeds of the Abrar are the sins of the Muqarrabin" (ḥasanāt al-abrār sayyiʾāt al-muqarrabīn), the rank of the Abrar is considered subordinate to that of the Muqarrabin.[22] Qur'an 83:18 states that the record of deeds of the Abrar is preserved in "Illiyyin", a place where the rewards of the benefactors are registered.[23]

Verses in Sura al-Insan outline the characteristics of the Abrar, which include fulfilling vows, fearing the punishment of the Resurrection,[24] feeding the needy, the Orphan, and the Captive, as well as fearing the Lord and the Resurrection[25] while maintaining Ikhlas (sincerity).[26] Additionally, Qur'an 2:177 enumerates the attributes of righteousness—such as faith in God, the Angels, the Prophets (a), the Qur'an, and the Resurrection; Infaq; Prayer; Zakat; fulfilling promises; Taqwa; and Patience[27]—which some scholars identify as the defining traits of the Abrar.[28]

In Sufism terminology, the Abrar are known as the people of Wayfaring (Ahl al-Sulūk) and are considered special servants of God who have traversed the stages of divine knowledge and the journey toward Allah.[29] Mystical works count the Abrar among the Awliya of God and the Ahl al-Hall wa l-'Aqd of worldly affairs,[30] placing them in ranks alongside the Awtad, Abdal, and other classes of Awliya.[31] Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi categorizes proximity to God into four stations, identifying the third as the station of the Abrar; he describes them as those occupied with the reformation of society and the people.[32]

Conversely, the mysticism researcher Muhammad Iste'lami argues that the term Abrar lacks a specific technical definition in mysticism. He views it—like Abdal, Akhyar, Awtad, and Aqtab—as a designation for the detached ones upon whom the wayfarers of the path to Allah rely.[33] He posits that all such figures are perfect humans, united with the Truth and firm in their faith and belief.[34]

Notes

  1. ↑ Rāzī, Abū l-Futūḥ al-, Rawḍ al-jinān, 1408 Sh, vol. 20, p. 175; Kāshānī, Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn, Tehran, vol. 2, p. 407; Ashkawarī, Tafsir-i sharīf-i Lāhījī, 1373 Sh, vol. 1, p. 422.
  2. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Payām-i Qurʾān, 1386 Sh, vol. 9, p. 261; Rāzī, Abū l-Futūḥ al-, Rawḍ al-jinān, 1408 Sh, vol. 20, p. 189; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 10, p. 683.
  3. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 10, p. 616.
  4. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 10, p. 616.
  5. ↑ Subḥānī, Manshūr-i jāvīd, Qom, vol. 5, p. 660.
  6. ↑ Mudarrisī, Tafsir-i hidāyat, 1377 Sh, vol. 17, p. 188.
  7. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1390 AH, vol. 20, p. 124.
  8. ↑ Maybudī, Kashf al-asrār, 1371 Sh, vol. 10, p. 318.
  9. ↑ Kāshānī, Manhaj al-ṣādiqīn, Tehran, vol. 10, p. 96.
  10. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1371 Sh, vol. 26, p. 232.
  11. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1371 Sh, vol. 26, p. 279.
  12. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Payām-i Qurʾān, 1386 Sh, vol. 9, p. 262.
  13. ↑ Maybudī, Kashf al-asrār, 1371 Sh, vol. 2, p. 388; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 10, p. 683; Qurashī Bunābī, Tafsir-i aḥsan al-ḥadīth, 1375 Sh, vol. 11, p. 472; Makārim Shīrāzī, Payām-i Qurʾān, 1386 Sh, vol. 9, p. 261.
  14. ↑ Shāyista, "Abrār", under the entry.
  15. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1371 Sh, vol. 26, p. 270.
  16. ↑ Shāhmīrī, "Abrār", p. 146.
  17. ↑ Subḥānī, Manshūr-i jāvīd, Publisher: Muʾassisa Imām Ṣādiq (a) Qom, vol. 9, p. 445.
  18. ↑ Ṭāliqānī, "Barrasī-yi tarbiyat-i iʿtiqādī-yi Qurʾān bā ulgū-yi abrār dar sayr-i nuzūl", p. 6.
  19. ↑ Shāhmīrī, "Abrār", p. 146.
  20. ↑ Qarāʾatī, Tafsir-i nūr, 1388 Sh, vol. 1, p. 678; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1371 Sh, vol. 26, p. 279.
  21. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1390 AH, vol. 20, p. 239.
  22. ↑ Muṭahharī, Majmūʿa-yi āthār, 1389 Sh, vol. 28, p. 452.
  23. ↑ Javādī Āmulī, "Abrār wa muqarrabīn dar Qurʾān", p. 14; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1371 Sh, vol. 26, p. 270.
  24. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1371 Sh, vol. 25, p. 351.
  25. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsir-i Nemuneh, 1371 Sh, vol. 25, pp. 352, 355, 357.
  26. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Akhlāq-i Islāmī dar Nahj al-balāgha, 1385 Sh, vol. 2, p. 79.
  27. ↑ Rāzī, Fakhr al-, al-Tafsir al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 30, p. 744.
  28. ↑ Subḥānī, Manshūr-i jāvīd, Qom, vol. 5, pp. 660-661.
  29. ↑ Baqlī, ʿArāʾis al-bayān, 2008, vol. 3, p. 473; Shāyista, "Abrār", under the entry; Sajjādī, Farhang-i maʿārif-i Islāmī, 1373 Sh, vol. 1, p. 34.
  30. ↑ Hujwīrī, Kashf al-maḥjūb, 1375 Sh, p. 269.
  31. ↑ Anṣārī, Khwāja ʿAbd Allāh, Ṭabaqāt al-Ṣūfiyya, 1362 Sh, p. 94; Hujwīrī, Kashf al-maḥjūb, 1375 Sh, p. 269.
  32. ↑ Ṭūsī, Khwāja Naṣīr al-Dīn al-, Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī, 1413 AH, p. 106.
  33. ↑ Istiʿlāmī, Farhangnāma-yi taṣawwuf wa ʿirfān, 1399 Sh, p. 167.
  34. ↑ Istiʿlāmī, Farhangnāma-yi taṣawwuf wa ʿirfān, 1399 Sh, p. 166.

References

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