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Draft:Fatwa of Jihad against ISIS

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The Fatwa of Jihad against ISIS was issued by Sayyid Ali Sistani, a prominent Marja' based in Iraq, on June 13, 2014[1], three days following the Iraqi government's announcement regarding the formation of a popular mobilization force.[2] In this edict, delivered by his representative Abd al-Mahdi al-Karbalai during the Friday Prayer sermon in Karbala, all able-bodied citizens were called upon to take up arms alongside the national military forces to combat ISIS.[3] Sayyid Ali Sistani's ruling was designated as a sufficing obligation (wajib al-kifa'i), meaning that while the duty is initially obligatory upon the entire community, it is absolved from the rest once a sufficient number of volunteers have enlisted.[4] Representatives of Sayyid Ali Sistani in Karbala and the UK clarified that this fatwa was specifically directed at Iraqi citizens residing within Iraq and did not extend to Shi'as or Iraqis living abroad.[5]

Excerpts from Sayyid Ali Sistani's Fatwa

The dangers currently threatening Iraq and the Iraqi nation necessitate the defense of this land, its people, and their honor. This defense is a sufficing obligation upon all citizens [...] Accordingly, citizens who possess the ability to bear arms, fight terrorists, and defend their country, people, and sanctities are required to volunteer to join the security forces.[6], right

The fatwa of jihad against ISIS is widely regarded as a decisive factor in shifting the balance of power, legitimizing the Hashd al-Sha'bi, and bolstering the spirit of resistance; it is remembered as a turning point in the defeat of terrorism and the prevention of the collapse of the Iraqi state.[7]

In 2013, a Takfiri organization known as ISIS emerged in Iraq[8], seizing control of cities such as Fallujah and Samarra, infiltrating the Sunni-majority provinces of Anbar, Nineveh, and Saladin, and subsequently capturing Mosul.[9] ISIS forces in these regions committed acts of terrorism and perpetrated massacres against the civilian population.[10] In the wake of these events, the Iraqi government established a popular paramilitary force known as the Hashd al-Sha'bi.[11]

Following the issuance of the fatwa of jihad against ISIS, a massive influx of Iraqi citizens volunteered to join the Hashd al-Sha'bi.[12] Prominent political figures, including Adil Abdul-Mahdi, the former Prime Minister of Iraq, and Mohammed al-Halbousi, the Speaker of the Council of Representatives, cited this fatwa as a pivotal element in the victory over ISIS,[13] with some asserting that without it, ISIS could have expanded its reach to other regions of the world.[14] On the fifth anniversary of the fatwa's issuance (June 13), the Iraqi Parliament officially recognized the date as a national occasion.[15]

On the fifth anniversary of the edict,[16] following the liberation of territories held by ISIS, discussions arose among some Iraqi political figures regarding the potential dissolution of the Hashd al-Sha'bi; however, Sayyid Ali Sistani emphasized that the fatwa remains valid due to the persisting threat of ISIS.[17]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ḥaṭṭāb, "Tawẓīf al-Ḥashd al-Shaʿbī fī al-Mudrik al-Siyāsī al-ʿIrāqī", p. 108.
  2. ↑ Ḥaṭṭāb, "Tawẓīf al-Ḥashd al-Shaʿbī fī al-Mudrik al-Siyāsī al-ʿIrāqī", p. 108.
  3. ↑ Āyat Allāh Sīstānī Fatwā-yi Jihād Ṣādir Kard, Hawzah Information Base.
  4. ↑ See Muḥammadī, Sharḥ Uṣūl al-Fiqh, 2008-09, vol. 1, p. 202.
  5. ↑ Fatwā al-Jihād al-Kifāʾī Takhaṣṣ al-ʿIrāqiyyīn, Buratha News Agency.
  6. ↑ al-Ḥashd al-Shaʿbī bayna Muṣādarat al-Taḍḥiyāt wa al-Iṣrār ʿalā Ḥallih, Al-Akhbar site.
  7. ↑ Jidār al-Mā' Documentary: Interview with leaders of al-Hashd al-Sha'bi.
  8. ↑ Nabātīyān, Zamīnih-hā-yi Fikrī Siyāsī-yi Jaryān-i Baʿthī Takfīrī-yi Dāʿish, 2014-15, pp. 53, 88.
  9. ↑ Nabātīyān, Zamīnih-hā-yi Fikrī Siyāsī-yi Jaryān-i Baʿthī Takfīrī-yi Dāʿish, 2014-15, p. 55.
  10. ↑ Abshaʿ 10 Jarāʾim li-Dāʿish, RT Arabic site.
  11. ↑ al-Ḥashd al-Shaʿbī.. al-Quwwat al-Niẓāmiyya al-Badīla fī al-ʿIrāq, Al Jazeera Center for Studies site.
  12. ↑ Jidār al-Mā' Documentary: Interview with leaders of al-Hashd al-Sha'bi.
  13. ↑ Fatwā-yi Jihād-i Āyat Allāh Sīstānī Nuqṭiy-i ʿAṭfī dar Muqābalih bā Dāʿish Būd, Tasnim News Agency; al-Ḥalbūsī Yashkur al-Sīstānī, Nas News Agency.
  14. ↑ Agar Fatwā-yi Jihād Nabūd, Dāʿish bi Āfrīqā wa Sāyir-i Kishwar-hā-yi Jahān Mī-rasīd, Official Hawzah News Agency.
  15. ↑ al-Ḥalbūsī Yashkur al-Sīstānī, Nas News Agency.
  16. ↑ Bayān Hāmm li-l-Marjaʿ al-Sīstānī, Al-Alam Network.
  17. ↑ al-Sīstānī Yujaddid Fatwā al-Jihād, Al-Araby Al-Jadeed site.

References

  • "Agar Fatwā-yi Jihād Nabūd, Dāʿish bi Āfrīqā wa Sāyir-i Kishwar-hā-yi Jahān Mī-rasīd". Official Hawzah News Agency, April 24, 2018.
  • "Fatwā-yi Jihād-i Āyat Allāh Sīstānī Nuqṭiy-i ʿAṭfī dar Muqābalih bā Dāʿish Būd". Tasnim News Agency, April 19, 2019.
  • "Wākunish-i Turūrīst-hā bi Ḥukm-i Jihād-i Āyat Allāh Sīstānī". Shabakiy-i Khabar site, June 15, 2014.
  • "Abshaʿ 10 Jarāʾim li-Dāʿish". RT Arabic site, December 4, 2015.
  • "al-Ḥashd al-Shaʿbī: al-Quwwat al-Niẓāmiyya al-Badīla fī al-ʿIrāq". Al Jazeera Center for Studies site, January 1, 2015.
  • "al-Ḥashd al-Shaʿbī bayna Muṣādarat al-Taḍḥiyāt wa al-Iṣrār ʿalā Ḥallih". Al-Akhbar site, August 1, 2017.
  • Ḥaṭṭāb, Jawād Kāẓim. "Tawẓīf al-Ḥashd al-Shaʿbī fī al-Mudrik al-Siyāsī al-ʿIrāqī". Majallat Ḥammūrābī, year 7, no. 29, Winter 2019.
  • "al-Ḥalbūsī Yashkur al-Sīstānī bi-sha'n al-Jihād al-Kifāʾī". Nas News Agency, June 13, 2019.
  • "Bayān Hāmm li-l-Marjaʿ al-Sīstānī fī Dhikrā Fatwā al-Jihād al-Kifāʾī". Al-Alam Network, February 3.
  • "al-Sīstānī Yujaddid Fatwā 'al-Jihād al-Kifāʾī' al-latī Assasat al-Mīlīshiyāt". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed site, April 7, 2019.
  • "Mumaththil al-Imām al-Sīstānī: Fatwā al-Jihād al-Kifāʾī Takhaṣṣ al-ʿIrāqiyyīn Faqaṭ". Buratha News Agency, June 15, 2014.
  • Jidār al-Mā' Documentary: Interview with leaders of al-Hashd al-Sha'bi.
  • Muḥammadī, ʿAlī. Sharḥ Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qom: Dār al-Fikr, 1387 Sh.
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