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Gowharshād (Persian: گوهَرْشاد), wife of Shahrukh Timurid (r. 807/1405 – 850/1447), was the founder of the Goharshad Mosque and some other buildings of the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a).

The construction of Dar al-Huffaz, Dar al-Siyada, and Dar al-Salam, some of the oldest porticos of the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a), is attributed to her. Also, the Parizad School next to the Shrine of Imam al-Rida was built by the efforts of her servant, Parizad Khanum.

Tomb of Goharshad in Herat

Goharshad's name is registered among the donors (waqifs) of Astan Quds Razavi. Her endowments are considered among the famous and extensive endowments of this Astan.

Status

Goharshad, the wife of Shahrukh Timurid (r. 807/1405 – 850/1447), is considered one of the founders of some works of the Timurid period, including the Goharshad Mosque and some porticos and buildings of the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a).[1]

An image of the Great Mosque of Herat built by the order of Goharshad.

According to Khwandamir, a historian of the Timurid period, Goharshad was interested in building and repairing Islamic structures.[2] Besides the works attributed to her in the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a), a school, a Khanqah, and the Great Mosque of Herat were also built by her order.[3]

Goharshad is mentioned in the list of donors to Astan Quds Razavi;[4] it is reported that Goharshad, to defend and advance the Goharshad Mosque, endowed properties to it and the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a) by setting up an endowment deed[5] in 829/1425-6.[6] Among the Endowments of Astan Quds Razavi, these endowments are counted as famous and extensive ones.[7]

Goharshad is also described as an art-loving figure and a patron of artists;[8] her two sons, Ibrahim Sultan and Baysunghur Mirza, are considered among the celebrated calligraphers of their era.[9]

Works of Goharshad in the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a)

Name of Goharshad on an inscription in Goharshad Mosque.

According to Arthur Pope (d. 1969), an American art historian, the construction of Goharshad Mosque is considered the most important measure of the Timurids in the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a).[10] According to Kazim Mudir Shanachi, a Khorasan researcher, the building of Goharshad Mosque, which is considered the ancient architecture in Mashhad after the Burial Chamber of the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a), began by Goharshad's order in 812/1409-10 and was completed in 821/1418.[11]

Also, the construction of Dar al-Huffaz,[12] Dar al-Siyada,[13] and Dar al-Salam,[14] which are among the oldest porticos of the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a), is attributed to Goharshad.[15] In Sha'ban 821/September 1418, during Goharshad's visit along with Shahrukh Timurid for the pilgrimage to the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a), Goharshad ordered the construction of several other buildings adjoining to the Burial Chamber and Goharshad Mosque.[16]

Another building constructed next to the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a) is the Parizad School.[17] The founder of this school was Parizad Khanum, Goharshad's servant.[18]

Lineage and Life

Mahd-i 'Ulya, Goharshad Agha Begum, daughter of Ghiyath al-Din Tarkhan, was from the powerful Tarkhan family in Transoxiana.[19] Her birth is approximate around 780/1378-9 or 786/1384-5.[20] Goharshad married Shahrukh Timurid in 795/1392-3 or 800/1397-8,[21] resulting in apparently two sons.[22]

Relying on information from some historical sources,[23] it is said that Goharshad accompanied Shahrukh Timurid on many travels and intermediated intervened in most governmental affairs.[24] According to some reports, after Shahrukh's death (850/1447), Goharshad was killed in Herat on Ramadan 9, 861/July 31, 1457, by the order of Sultan Abu Sa'id Gurkani (r. 854/1450 – 873/1469) due to a conspiracy by a group of his emirs.[25] Her body was buried next to the grave of her son Baysunghur Mirza in a family tomb she had built herself.[26]

Notes

  1. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.
  2. ↑ Khwāndamīr, Ḥabīb al-siyar, vol. 4, p. 68.
  3. ↑ Samarqandī, Maṭlaʿ-i saʿdayn, vol. 2, p. 424; Khwāndamīr, Ḥabīb al-siyar, vol. 4, p. 68.
  4. ↑ ʿAṭāridī, "Manābiʿ-i mawqūfāt-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī wa fihrist-i wāqifān-i Mashhad-i Muqaddas", pp. 124-125.
  5. ↑ For the text of this endowment deed, see: Anzābī-nizhād, Bīst waqf-nāma az Khurāsān, pp. 14-31.
  6. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.
  7. ↑ Anzābī-nizhād, Bīst waqf-nāma az Khurāsān, p. 11.
  8. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.
  9. ↑ Mudīr-Shānih-chī, "Gowharshād", p. 93; Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.
  10. ↑ Pope, Sīrī dar hunar-i Īrān, vol. 3, p. 1397.
  11. ↑ Mudīr-Shānih-chī, "Gowharshād", p. 105.
  12. ↑ Iḥtishām Kāviyāniyān, Shams al-shumūs, p. 127.
  13. ↑ Muʾtaman, Rāhnamā, p. 114.
  14. ↑ ʿAṭāridī, Tārīkh-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, vol. 1, p. 172.
  15. ↑ Dar īn qiṭʿa az bihisht, pp. 108-109; Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", pp. 425-426.
  16. ↑ Samarqandī, Maṭlaʿ-i saʿdayn, vol. 2, p. 261; Ḥāfiẓ-i Abrū, Zubdat al-tawārīkh, p. 693.
  17. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 426.
  18. ↑ Fāḍil, "Madāris-i qadīm-i Mashhad: Madrasa-yi Parīzād", p. 1451; Dar īn qiṭʿa az bihisht, p. 98.
  19. ↑ Mudīr-Shānih-chī, "Gowharshād", pp. 89-90.
  20. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.
  21. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.
  22. ↑ Mudīr-Shānih-chī, "Gowharshād", p. 93.
  23. ↑ Dawlatshāh Samarqandī, Tadhkirat al-shuʿarā, p. 339; Mīrkhwānd, Rawḍat al-ṣafā, vol. 6, p. 1171.
  24. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.
  25. ↑ Dawlatshāh Samarqandī, Tadhkirat al-shuʿarā, p. 474; Samarqandī, Maṭlaʿ-i saʿdayn, vol. 2, pp. 810-811; Mīrkhwānd, Rawḍat al-ṣafā, vol. 6, p. 1192.
  26. ↑ Naqdī, "Gowharshād Āghā", p. 425.

References

  • ʿAṭāridī, ʿAzīz Allāh. "Manābiʿ-i mawqūfāt-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī wa fihrist-i wāqifān-i Mashhad-i Muqaddas". Waqf-i Mīrāth-i Jāwīdān, no. 35 & 36, Autumn & Winter 1380 Sh.
  • ʿAṭāridī, ʿAzīz Allāh. Tārīkh-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī. Tehran, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance & 'Atarid, 1371 Sh.
  • Dar īn qiṭʿa az bihisht. Mashhad, Astan Quds Razavi, 1397 Sh.
  • Dawlatshāh Samarqandī. Tadhkirat al-shuʿarā. Edited by Edward Browne. Tehran, Asāṭīr, 1382 Sh.
  • Fāḍil, Maḥmūd. "Madāris-i qadīm-i Mashhad: Madrasa-yi Parīzād". Waḥīd, no. 97, Dey 1350 Sh.
  • Ḥāfiẓ-i Abrū, ʿAbd Allāh b. Luṭf Allāh. Zubdat al-tawārīkh. Edited by Sayyid Kamāl Ḥājj Sayyid Jawādī. Tehran, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, 1380 Sh.
  • Khwāndamīr, Ghiyāth al-Dīn b. Humām al-Dīn. Tārīkh-i ḥabīb al-siyar fī akhbār afrād bashar. Edited by Muḥammad Dabīr-Siyāqī. Tehran, Khayyām, 1380 Sh.
  • Mīrkhwānd, Muḥammad b. Khāwandshāh. Rawḍat al-ṣafā. Edited by ʿAbbās Zaryāb Khūʾī. Tehran, ʿIlmī, 1373 Sh.
  • Mudīr-Shānih-chī, Kāẓim. "Gowharshād". Nāma-yi Āstān-i Quds, no. 31, 1346 Sh.
  • Muʾtaman, ʿAlī. Rāhnamā yā Tārīkh-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī. Tehran, n.p., 1348 Sh.
  • Naqdī, Riḍā. "Gowharshād Āghā". In Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī (Vol. 2). Mashhad, Islamic Research Foundation of Astan Quds Razavi, 1399 Sh.
  • Pope, Arthur & Phyllis Ackerman. Sīrī dar hunar-i Īrān. Translated by Najaf Daryabandari et al. Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1387 Sh.
  • Samarqandī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq. Maṭlaʿ-i saʿdayn wa majmaʿ-i baḥrayn. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Navāʾī. Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1372 Sh.
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