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In Islamic jurisprudence, Takhalli (Arabic: تخلّی) refers to the act of relieving oneself (urination and defecation) and is a topic disccussed within the chapter of Tahara (purification).[1] The rulings pertaining to takhalli are categorized as obligatory, forbidden, recommended and disliked actions:

  • Obligatory acts: While relieving oneself, it is wajib to conceal one's private parts (awra) from any "respected observer" (defined as a sane adult or a discerning child). Furthermore, the area of excretion (urinary and anal outlets) must be purified afterward to ensure the validity of acts of worship such as salat.[2] If a lavatory is constructed facing the qibla, it is obligatory to sit in a manner that deviates from that direction.[3] According to the prevailing legal opinion, this ruling applies equally to enclosed structures and open spaces, although some early scholars permitted facing or turning one's back to the qibla when inside a building.[4]
  • Forbidden acts: It is haram to face the qibla or to turn one's back to it while relieving oneself. Additionally, performing takhalli on another person's property or in private dead-end alleys without the owner's permission is prohibited.[5]
  • Recommended acts: Recommended practices include: concealing the entire body from view, covering the head, invoking the name of God, entering the lavatory with the left foot and exiting with the right, reciting transmitted supplications, leaning upon the left leg, purifying the anus prior to the urinary outlet, performing tanhanuh (clearing the throat) and performing istibra after urination.[6] It is also recommended to select an appropriate location for urination, such as an elevated spot in order to prevent urine from splashing back onto the body or clothing.[7]
  • Disliked acts: It is makruh to relieve oneself on pathways, in water wells, beneath fruit-bearing trees, at caravan resting spots, or in front of house entrances and similar public spaces like shops (as this may provoke people to curse). It is also disliked to do so on or between the graves of believers, provided this does not constitute disrespect to the deceased, in which case it would be haram. Other disliked actions include exposing one's private parts to the sun or moon; eating, drinking, or using a miswak (tooth-stick) while doing the act, sitting for an extended duration, speaking, urinating while standing, facing the wind, from a height (such as a roof), onto hard ground, into water (whether stagnant or flowing), or into animal burrows.[8]

Notes

  1. ↑ Muʾassasa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1385 Sh, vol. 2, p. 394.
  2. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā, 1420 AH, vol. 1, p. 305; Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1416 AH, vol. 1, p. 31.
  3. ↑ Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, 1408 AH, vol. 1, p. 14.
  4. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 811.
  5. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā, 1420 AH, vol. 1, pp. 311, 314.
  6. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1404 AH, vol. 2, pp. 6, 55–59; Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā, 1420 AH, vol. 1, pp. 326–328.
  7. ↑ Narāqī, Mustanad al-shīʿa, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt, vol. 1, p. 394.
  8. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1404 AH, vol. 2, pp. 59–75; Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā, 1420 AH, vol. 1, p. 328.

References

  • Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. Ḥasan al-Muḥaqqiq al-. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī masāʾil al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʿAlī Baqqāl. Qom, Ismāʿīlīyān, 2nd ed., 1408 AH.
  • Muʾassasa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī. Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq-i madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt (a). Supervised by Sayyid Maḥmūd Hāshimī Shāhrūdī. Qom, Muʾassasa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī, 1385 Sh.
  • Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Edited by ʿAbbās Qūchānī & ʿAlī Ākhūndī. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 7th ed., 1404 AH.
  • Narāqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Mahdī al-. Mustanad al-shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa. Qom, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1415–1419 AH.
  • Sīstānī, Sayyid ʿAlī al-. Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn. Qom, Maktab Āyat Allāh al-Sayyid ʿAlī al-Ḥusaynī al-Sīstānī, 1416 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā. Qom, Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī al-Tābiʿa li-Jamāʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1417–1420 AH.
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