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An image of the burial of a deceased person in a grave

A grave (Arabic: قبر, Qabr) is the place where the dead are buried. In Fiqh, rulings and etiquettes have been mentioned for the grave. Among the etiquettes of the grave is that it should be rectangular, flat, and level, and raised the height of four fingers from the ground; it should also be built sturdily so that it does not collapse quickly.

Muslim scholars, citing the Qur'an and narrations, consider the Ziyara of Graves to possess virtue and recommend it. They also state that splitting the grave of a Muslim in such a way that their body is visible is Haram. According to their fatwa, Exhumation is permissible only in the case of religious necessity.

Concept and Importance

The term qabr (a grave) refers to the place where a human body is laid to rest after burial.[1] In Hadith collections, hadiths related to the grave have been collected in a separate chapter. For example, al-Allama al-Majlisi has collected 128 hadiths about the grave in the book Bihar al-anwar.[2] Etiquettes regarding the grave have also been stated in the fatwas of jurists.[3]

Rulings and Characteristics

In jurisprudential books, etiquettes and recommended acts regarding the grave have been mentioned, some of which are as follows: The grave should be made rectangular[4] and flat and level[5] and be higher than the ground by the measure of four fingers.[6] The height inside the grave should be the size of the height or shoulder height of an average person.[7] The grave should be built sturdily so that it does not collapse quickly,[8] and the name of the deceased should be written above it or on a tablet or stone and installed above the head of the deceased to avoid confusion.[9] Some jurists have said that it is appropriate for a believer to prepare a grave for themselves before death, enter it, and recite the Qur'an. Also, donating land for the burial of a believer (Mu'min) is counted among recommended acts.[10]

Cemetery

Main article: Cemetery

In Muslim culture, cemeteries are regarded as places of respect and reverence,[11] and visiting them is a common and culturally meaningful practice.

Islamic sources also outline specific religious rulings and etiquettes related to cemeteries. These include greeting the deceased,[12] preserving the dignity and cleanliness of burial grounds,[13] and refraining from burying disbelievers (kuffar) in Muslim cemeteries.[14]

Ziyara of Graves

Main article: Ziyara of Graves

According to Muslim scholars, in the verses of the Qur'an and hadiths, visiting graves, especially the graves of Prophets and righteous people, has been recommended and virtues have been stated for it.[15] Among them, according to the Wahhabis, visiting graves is Haram.[16] Regarding the ruling on visiting graves for women, there is a difference of opinion: most Shi'a scholars say that visiting graves is mustahabb for women as well;[17] however, the famous fatwa among Sunni scholars is that it is makruh for women to visit graves.[18]

Exhumation

Main article: Exhumation

Splitting or destroying a grave in a way that causes the human body to be revealed is called Nabsh al-Qabr (exhumation).[19] According to the fatwa of Shi'a[20] and Sunni[21] jurists, exhuming the grave of a Muslim before the body has decayed is haram and is permissible only if there is a Religious Necessity (ḍarūra al-sharʿiyya); for example, in cases where Haqq al-nas (right of people) is involved; such as if the body of the deceased is buried in a usurped place.[22]

Notes

  1. ↑ ʿAmīd, Farhang-i Fārsī-yi ʿAmīd, 1375 Sh, under the word "Qabr"; Anvarī, Farhang-i buzurg-i sukhan, 1381 Sh, under the word "Qabr".
  2. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1362 Sh, vol. 6, pp. 0-282.
  3. ↑ For example, see: Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 95; Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 332.
  4. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 95; Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 332.
  5. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 95; Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 332.
  6. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 95; Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 332.
  7. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 94; Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 332.
  8. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 96; Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 332.
  9. ↑ Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1392 Sh, vol. 1, p. 96; Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 332.
  10. ↑ Sīstānī, Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ, 1396 Sh, vol. 1, p. 337.
  11. ↑ Laṭīfī, "[http://shabestan.ir/TextVersionDetail/323297 Iḥtirām bi qubūr-i buzurgān-i dīn sīra-yi aʾimma-yi chahārgāna-yi Ahl-i Sunnat ast]", News Agency-yi Shabestan.
  12. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 128; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403 AH, vol. 99, p. 301.
  13. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā, 1417 AH, vol. 2, p. 128.
  14. ↑ Āqābābāyī Banī, "[https://fiqh.urd.ac.ir/article_88940_45b8a15232236e7d47137f4c7fdbd78e.pdf Taʾammulī bar tafkīk-i qubūr-i musalmānān az ghayr-i musalmānān]", p. 1.
  15. ↑ Subḥānī, Āyīn-i Wahhābiyyat, 1386 Sh, p. 102.
  16. ↑ For example, see: Ibn Taymiyya, Minhāj al-sunna, 1406 AH, vol. 2, p. 440; Ibn Bāz, Fatāwā nūr ʿalā l-darb, p. 243.
  17. ↑ Baḥrānī, Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira, vol. 4, p. 169.
  18. ↑ Subkī, Shifāʾ al-saqām, 1419 AH, p. 186; Jamʿī az nivīsandagān, Al-Mawsūʿa al-fiqhiyya al-Kuwaytiyya, vol. 24, p. 88.
  19. ↑ Khomeinī, Tarjuma-yi Taḥrīr al-wasīla, 1385 Sh, vol. 1, p. 105.
  20. ↑ Sīstānī, "Aḥkām-i dafn", Issues 630, 631; Nūrī Hamadānī, "Aḥkām-i nabsh-i qabr", Issues 642, 643; Shubayrī Zanjānī, "Aḥkām-i nabsh-i qabr", Issues 733, 734.
  21. ↑ "Ḥukm-i nabsh-i qabr az dīdgāh-i madhāhib-i arbaʿa-yi Ahl-i Sunnat", News Agency-yi Rasa.
  22. ↑ Montaẓerī, Aḥkām-i nabsh-i qabr, Issue 676; "Barrasī-yi ḥurmat-i nabsh-i qabr dar nigāh-i fuqahā-yi buzurg-i madhāhib-i Islāmī", Pāygāh-i Takhaṣṣuṣī-yi Wahhābiyyat-pazhūhī.

References

  • ʿAmīd, Ḥasan. Farhang-i Fārsī-yi ʿAmīd. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Amīrkabīr, 1375 Sh.
  • Anvarī, Ḥasan. Farhang-i buzurg-i sukhan. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Sukhan, 1381 Sh.
  • Baḥrānī, Yūsuf al-. Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, n.d.
  • Ibn Bāz, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Fatāwā nūr ʿalā l-darb. n.p.: Muʾassasat al-Shaykh Ibn Bāz al-Khayriyya, n.d.
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm. Minhāj al-sunna al-nabawiyya. Saudi Arabia: Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad b. Saʿūd al-Islāmiyya, 1406 AH.
  • Jamʿī az nivīsandagān. Al-Mawsūʿa al-fiqhiyya al-Kuwaytiyya. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa l-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyya, n.d.
  • Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥullāh. Taḥrīr al-wasīla. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Tanẓīm wa Nashr-i Āthār-i Imām Khomeinī, 1392 Sh.
  • Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥullāh. Tarjuma-yi Taḥrīr al-wasīla. Translated by Muʾassisa-yi Tanẓīm wa Nashr-i Āthār-i Imām Khomeinī. Tehran, 1385 Sh.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
  • Montaẓerī, Ḥusayn ʿAlī. Risāla tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Sarāyī, 1381 Sh.
  • Nūrī Hamadānī, Ḥusayn. "Aḥkām-i nabsh-i qabr". Website of Ayatollah Nouri Hamedani. Published: 21 August 2019. Accessed: 9 May 2023.
  • Sīstānī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i jāmiʿ. Mashhad: Nashr-i Daftar-i Āyatullāh Sīstānī, 1396 Sh.
  • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Āyīn-i Wahhābiyyat. Qom: Jāmiʿa-yi Mudarrisīn-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmiyya-yi Qom, 1386 Sh.
  • Subkī, Taqī al-Dīn ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Kāfī al-. Shifāʾ al-saqām fī ziyārat khayr al-anām. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Riḍā Jalālī. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1419 AH.
  • Sulaymān, Hādī. "Qabr". In Dāyirat al-maʿārif-i Tashayyuʿ. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Ḥikmat, 1390 Sh.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, 1417 AH.
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