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Al-Qa'im (a): Difference between revisions
correcting some references
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==In Hadiths== | ==In Hadiths== | ||
In some [[hadith]]s, "Qa'im Al Muhammad" (the standing [person] of the family of Muhammad) is used as a title of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>"CF" Mufīd,'' | In some [[hadith]]s, "Qa'im Al Muhammad" (the standing [person] of the family of Muhammad) is used as a title of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>"CF" Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 380-386.</ref> But in others it is not used so; rather it is used as generally referring to a person who stands up or rises up for justice. In his ''[[al-Kafi]]'', [[al-Kulayni]] wrote a chapter under "all Imams were al-Qa'im for God's order". Phrases in hadiths, such as "he is the al-Qa'im of his time"<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 537.</ref>, "all of us are al-Qa'im for God's order"<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 536.</ref> and the like, imply that the term, "al-Qa'im", is not specifically used for Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Tūniʾī, ''Muʿūd nāma'', p. 550.</ref> | ||
==A Title of Imam al-Mahdi (a)== | ==A Title of Imam al-Mahdi (a)== | ||
Since [[Imam al-Mahdi's (a) uprising]] (qiyam) is the most salient part of his life, this title was frequently used in the remarks of the [[Infallibles (a)]]. Some hadiths are explicit about this, for example: | Since [[Imam al-Mahdi's (a) uprising]] (qiyam) is the most salient part of his life, this title was frequently used in the remarks of the [[Infallibles (a)]]. Some hadiths are explicit about this, for example: | ||
* [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] is quoted as saying that: "He [al-Mahdi(a)] is called 'al-Qa'im' because he will stand up (or rise up) for the right".<ref>Mufīd,'' | * [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] is quoted as saying that: "He [al-Mahdi(a)] is called 'al-Qa'im' because he will stand up (or rise up) for the right".<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 383.</ref> | ||
* [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] was asked why he [al-Mahdi (a)] is called 'al-Qa'im'. He said: "because [he] will rise up when his name is forgotten".<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-Dīn'', vol. 2, p. 378.</ref> | * [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] was asked why he [al-Mahdi (a)] is called 'al-Qa'im'. He said: "because [he] will rise up when his name is forgotten".<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-Dīn'', vol. 2, p. 378.</ref> | ||
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===Imams=== | ===Imams=== | ||
After the demise of [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], some people took him to be the last Imam, holding that he was the expected al-Qa'im. According to al-Baghdadi, when Imam al-Baqir (a) died, some of his companions believed in his [[Mahdawiyya]] (the promised savior)<ref>Baghdādī, '' | After the demise of [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], some people took him to be the last Imam, holding that he was the expected al-Qa'im. According to al-Baghdadi, when Imam al-Baqir (a) died, some of his companions believed in his [[Mahdawiyya]] (the promised savior)<ref>Baghdādī, ''al-Farq bayn al-firaq'', p. 59.</ref>, and according to al-Shahristani, they believed that the Imam (a) will have a [[raj'a]] (return).<ref>Shahristānī, ''Kitāb al-milal wa l-niḥal'', p. 147.</ref> | ||
During the lifetime of [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]], many people expected him, as the "Qa'im Al Muhammad", to found the right government that the society was expecting for years. After his martyrdom, some of his most prominent companions and representatives in different areas believed that he was alive and was only invisible to people and will soon reappear as the al-Qa'im and will establish the just government.<ref>Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''Maktab dar farāyand-i takāmul'', p. 123-126.</ref> These people were called "[[Waqifiyya]]". | During the lifetime of [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]], many people expected him, as the "Qa'im Al Muhammad", to found the right government that the society was expecting for years. After his martyrdom, some of his most prominent companions and representatives in different areas believed that he was alive and was only invisible to people and will soon reappear as the al-Qa'im and will establish the just government.<ref>Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''Maktab dar farāyand-i takāmul'', p. 123-126.</ref> These people were called "[[Waqifiyya]]". | ||
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[[Kaysanites]] believed that [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] was an Imam and believed in his being the al-Mahdi and the al-Qa'im. After his death, some of them believed that he was occluded and would rise up soon.<ref>Nubakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 28.</ref> | [[Kaysanites]] believed that [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] was an Imam and believed in his being the al-Mahdi and the al-Qa'im. After his death, some of them believed that he was occluded and would rise up soon.<ref>Nubakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 28.</ref> | ||
Some [[Zaydiyya]] claimed that the leaders of Zaydi uprisings were Mahdis. They believed that they would return one day and would fill the world with justice. They claimed Mahdawiyya about [[Zayd b. 'Ali]]<ref>Masūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 230; Mansūr bi-Allāh, '' | Some [[Zaydiyya]] claimed that the leaders of Zaydi uprisings were Mahdis. They believed that they would return one day and would fill the world with justice. They claimed Mahdawiyya about [[Zayd b. 'Ali]]<ref>Masūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 230; Mansūr bi-Allāh, ''al-ʿAqd al-thamīn fī aḥkām al-aʾimma al-ṭāhirīn'', p. 197.</ref>, [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]]<ref>Abū l-faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 207, 210-219.</ref>, and other leaders of Zaydiyya.<ref>See: Mūsawīnizhād, "Mahdawīyya wa firqa-yi Ḥusaynīyya-yi Zaydīyya", p. 127-162. </ref> | ||
* [[Isma'iliyya]] which was formed after the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] was branched into two groups: some of them accepted the imamate of Muahmmad, the son of [[Isma'il b. Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Isma'il]], and some of them stopped at the [[imamate]] of Isma'il and believed in his Mahdawiyya. They believed that Isma'il did not die; rather his father, Imam al-Sadiq (a), had hidden him from people in order to protect him from harms. They believed that he would live until he takes over the whole Earth. These are pure Isma'iliyya.<ref>Nubakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 67-68.</ref> However, some of the followers of Muhammad b. Isma'il believed in his Mahdawiyya and stopped at his imamate.<ref>Nubakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 73.</ref> | * [[Isma'iliyya]] which was formed after the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] was branched into two groups: some of them accepted the imamate of Muahmmad, the son of [[Isma'il b. Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Isma'il]], and some of them stopped at the [[imamate]] of Isma'il and believed in his Mahdawiyya. They believed that Isma'il did not die; rather his father, Imam al-Sadiq (a), had hidden him from people in order to protect him from harms. They believed that he would live until he takes over the whole Earth. These are pure Isma'iliyya.<ref>Nubakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 67-68.</ref> However, some of the followers of Muhammad b. Isma'il believed in his Mahdawiyya and stopped at his imamate.<ref>Nubakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 73.</ref> | ||
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*Baghdādī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir b. Ṭāhir al-. ''Al-Farq bayn al-firaq''. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda, 1978. | *Baghdādī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir b. Ṭāhir al-. ''Al-Farq bayn al-firaq''. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda, 1978. | ||
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Second edition. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1362 Sh. | *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Second edition. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1362 Sh. | ||
*Mansūr bi-Allāh, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥamza al-. ''Al-ʿAqd al-thamīn fī aḥkām al- | *Mansūr bi-Allāh, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥamza al-. ''Al-ʿAqd al-thamīn fī aḥkām al-aʾimma al-ṭāhirīn''. First edition. Sanaʿa: Muʾassisat al-Imām Zayd b. ʿAlī al-Thiqāfīyya, 1421 AH. | ||
*Masūdī, | *Masūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-Jawāhir''. First edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1411 AH. | ||
*Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāyī, Sayyid Ḥusayn. ''Maktab dar farāyand-i takāmul''. Translated by Hāshim | *Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāyī, Sayyid Ḥusayn. ''Maktab dar farāyand-i takāmul''. Translated by Hāshim Īzadpanāh. Seventh edition. Tehran: Kawīr, 1388 Sh. | ||
*Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. '' Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿala l-ʿibād''. First edition. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413 AH. | *Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. '' Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿala l-ʿibād''. First edition. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413 AH. | ||
* | *Mūsawīnizhād, Sayyid ʿAlī. 1384 Sh. "Mahdawīyyat wa firqa-yi Ḥusaynīyya-yi Zaydīyya". Haft Asimān 27: (127-162) | ||
*Nubakhtī, Ḥasan b. Mūsā. ''Firaq al-Shīʿa''. Najaf: | *Nubakhtī, Ḥasan b. Mūsā al-. ''Firaq al-Shīʿa''. Najaf: Ḥaydarīyya. 1355 AH. | ||
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Kamāl al-Dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1359 Sh. | *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Kamāl al-Dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1359 Sh. | ||
*Shahristānī, Muḥammad b. ʿabd al-Karīm al-. ''Kitāb al-milal wa | *Shahristānī, Muḥammad b. ʿabd al-Karīm al-. ''Kitāb al-milal wa l-niḥal''. Cairo: Maktaba Anjilo al-Miṣrīyya, 1956. | ||
*Tūniʾī, Mujtabā. ''Muʿūd nāma''. Twelfth edition. Qom: Mīrāth-i Māndigār, 1389 Sh. | *Tūniʾī, Mujtabā. ''Muʿūd nāma''. Twelfth edition. Qom: Mīrāth-i Māndigār, 1389 Sh. | ||