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Al-Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib: Difference between revisions
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'''ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib''' (Arabic:{{ia| عَبّاس بن عَبدُالمُطَّلِب}} (b. 56 before [[Hijra]]/567-[[32]]/652) was an uncle of [[the Prophet Muhammad (a)]] and the ancestor of the [[Abbasid]] [[caliphs]]. During his childhood and teenagerhood, he was a playmate of the Prophet (s). Although there is a disagreement about when he converted to Islam, he tried to support the Prophet (s) even before his conversion to Islam. It is widely believed that he converted to Islam after the Hijra, although he supported the Prophet (s) in the [[Pledge of 'Aqaba]] which occurred before Hijra. He died in the period of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s caliphate and was buried in [[al-Baqi']]. | '''ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib''' (Arabic:{{ia| عَبّاس بن عَبدُالمُطَّلِب}}) (b. 56 before [[Hijra]]/567-[[32]]/652) was an uncle of [[the Prophet Muhammad (a)]] and the ancestor of the [[Abbasid]] [[caliphs]]. During his childhood and teenagerhood, he was a playmate of the Prophet (s). Although there is a disagreement about when he converted to Islam, he tried to support the Prophet (s) even before his conversion to Islam. It is widely believed that he converted to Islam after the Hijra, although he supported the Prophet (s) in the [[Pledge of 'Aqaba]] which occurred before Hijra. He died in the period of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s caliphate and was buried in [[al-Baqi']]. | ||
==Lineage== | ==Lineage== | ||
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Since 'Abbas and the Prophet (s) were of almost the same age and since the Prophet (s) lived in 'Abd al-Muttalib's house, they were playmates and friends in addition to their kinship. Both of them carried stones on their shoulders for the construction of the [[Ka'ba]] when they were teenagers. 'Abbas accompanied the Prophet (s) when he was a child, a teenager, and an adult so that everyone who was looking for the Prophet (s) went to 'Abbas. | Since 'Abbas and the Prophet (s) were of almost the same age and since the Prophet (s) lived in 'Abd al-Muttalib's house, they were playmates and friends in addition to their kinship. Both of them carried stones on their shoulders for the construction of the [[Ka'ba]] when they were teenagers. 'Abbas accompanied the Prophet (s) when he was a child, a teenager, and an adult so that everyone who was looking for the Prophet (s) went to 'Abbas. | ||
Like other people from Quraysh, 'Abbas was a merchant and a rich man. After [[Abu Talib]] and during his life, he occupied the position of supplying water and food for the visitors of Mecca and later the | Like other people from Quraysh, 'Abbas was a merchant and a rich man. After [[Abu Talib]] and during his life, he occupied the position of supplying water and food for the visitors of Mecca and later the "construction of [[Masjid al-Haram]]". During the drought in Mecca, 'Abbas took [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]] to his house in order to decrease the expenses of Abu Talib. | ||
==After the Prophethood of the Prophet (s)== | ==After the Prophethood of the Prophet (s)== | ||
'Abbas attended the event of [[Yawm al-Dar]]. Although he did not convert to Islam for a while after the [[bi' | 'Abbas attended the event of [[Yawm al-Dar]]. Although he did not convert to Islam for a while after the [[bi'tha]] (the beginning of the Prophet's prophethood), he never opposed the Prophet (s); rather he always supported him. During the three years of sanctions in [[Shi'b Abi Talib]], 'Abbas was besides other people of [[Banu Hashim]] in order to support the Prophet (s). | ||
'Abbas was present in the second Pledge of 'Aqaba that occurred overnight, and he was the first person who talked and asked the [[Ansar]] to promise to strongly support the Prophet (s). | 'Abbas was present in the second [[Pledge of 'Aqaba]] that occurred overnight, and he was the first person who talked and asked the [[Ansar]] to promise to strongly support the Prophet (s). | ||
'Abbas married Lubaba al-Kubra (Umm al-Fadl), the daughter of Harith b. Hazan from Banu 'Amir, attributed to the king of Rabi'a. | 'Abbas married Lubaba al-Kubra (Umm al-Fadl), the daughter of Harith b. Hazan from Banu 'Amir, attributed to the king of Rabi'a. | ||
=='Abbas's Conversion to Islam== | =='Abbas's Conversion to Islam== | ||
There are different accounts of 'Abbas's conversion to Islam: early days of Islam, the night before Hijra, before the [[Battle of Badr]], after captivation in the Battle of Badr, or in the [[Battle of Khaybar]]. According to al-Dhahabi, it seems that 'Abbas converted to Islam after the Battle of Badr. However, | There are different accounts of 'Abbas's conversion to Islam: early days of Islam, the night before Hijra, before the [[Battle of Badr]], after captivation in the Battle of Badr, or in the [[Battle of Khaybar]]. According to al-Dhahabi, it seems that 'Abbas converted to Islam after the Battle of Badr. However, Ibn Athir takes the Prophet's (s) order that 'Abbas should not be killed to be evidence that he was already a Muslim before the battle. | ||
However, according to some sources, Umm al-Fadl, 'Abbas's wife, was the second woman who converted to Islam. After the Hijra, the Prophet (s) separated his daughter, [[Zaynat b. Muhammad]], who had converted to Islam from her husband, Abu l-'As, who had not converted to Islam. They remained separated until 6/627 when Abu l-'As converted to Islam. This shows that the ruling of separation between a Muslim wife and a non-Muslim husband was in place at least after the Hijra. Therefore, if 'Abbas was a polytheist, the Prophet (s) would separate him from his wife. | However, according to some sources, Umm al-Fadl, 'Abbas's wife, was the second woman who converted to Islam. After the Hijra, the Prophet (s) separated his daughter, [[Zaynat b. Muhammad]], who had converted to Islam from her husband, Abu l-'As, who had not converted to Islam. They remained separated until [[6]]/627 when Abu l-'As converted to Islam. This shows that the ruling of separation between a Muslim wife and a non-Muslim husband was in place at least after the Hijra. Therefore, if 'Abbas was a polytheist, the Prophet (s) would separate him from his wife. | ||
==After the Hijra== | ==After the Hijra== | ||
===Against Muslims in the Battle of Badr=== | ===Against Muslims in the Battle of Badr=== | ||
In the Battle of Badr which was the first military action by the Quraysh against the Prophet (s). People of Mecca, who were rushing towards [[Medina]] to save their commercial caravan, forced 'Abbas and some other people from Banu Hashim to accompany them. 'Abbas let the Prophet (s) know about the Quraysh's action and the reason why he was with them. According to a report, in his letter, he pointed out to the Prophet (s) that he would lead the Quraysh's army to a defeat if he could. | In the [[Battle of Badr]] which was the first military action by the [[Quraysh]] against the Prophet (s). People of [[Mecca]], who were rushing towards [[Medina]] to save their commercial caravan, forced 'Abbas and some other people from [[Banu Hashim]] to accompany them. 'Abbas let the Prophet (s) know about the Quraysh's action and the reason why he was with them. According to a report, in his letter, he pointed out to the Prophet (s) that he would lead the Quraysh's army to a defeat if he could. | ||
It is said that when 'Abbas was captivated in the battle, he and the Prophet (s) negotiated over the ransom of Badr's captives. According to some sources, the [[ | It is said that when 'Abbas was captivated in the battle, he and the Prophet (s) negotiated over the ransom of Badr's captives. According to some sources, the [[Qur'an 8]]:70, is concerned with this story. However, Ibn Hisham did not mention 'Abbas as a captive of Badr. | ||
===After the Battle of Badr=== | ===After the Battle of Badr=== | ||
When 'Abbas was released after the Battle of Badr, he returned to Mecca and asked the Prophet (s) to let him migrate to Medina. In response, the Prophet (s) said: | When 'Abbas was released after the Battle of Badr, he returned to Mecca and asked the Prophet (s) to let him migrate to Medina. In response, the Prophet (s) said: "stay in your place. God will seal the migration (Hijra) with you, as he has sealed prophethood with me." | ||
Both before and after the Battle of Badr, 'Abbas asked the Prophet (s) to let him migrate to Medina, but he received the same response from the Prophet (s) every time. Thus, he stayed in Mecca at the command of the Prophet (s) to report the actions of the Quraysh against the Prophet (s). He wrote letters to the Prophet (s) with respect to the battles of Badr, [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], and [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] and let him know about Quraysh's plans. He finally migrated to Medina a short time before the [[Conquest of Mecca]] and joined the Prophet (s). He played a crucial role in the Conquest of Mecca and the unconditional surrender of the Quraysh to the Prophet (s). | Both before and after the Battle of Badr, 'Abbas asked the Prophet (s) to let him migrate to Medina, but he received the same response from the Prophet (s) every time. Thus, he stayed in Mecca at the command of the Prophet (s) to report the actions of the Quraysh against the Prophet (s). He wrote letters to the Prophet (s) with respect to the battles of Badr, [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], and [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] and let him know about Quraysh's plans. He finally migrated to Medina a short time before the [[Conquest of Mecca]] and joined the Prophet (s). He played a crucial role in the Conquest of Mecca and the unconditional surrender of the Quraysh to the Prophet (s). | ||