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'''Uprising of al-Mukhtār''' (Arabic:{{ia| ثورة المُختار}}) was a movement under the leadership of [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi|al-Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] for vengeance of the [[Martyrs of Karbala]]. The uprising began in [[66]]/685 in [[Kufa]]. It led to the murder of many people who had a role to play in the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his [[:Category:Companions of Imam al-Husayn (a)|companions]]: for example, [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]], [['Umar b. Sa'd]], [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]], and [[ | '''Uprising of al-Mukhtār''' (Arabic:{{ia| ثورة المُختار}}) was a movement under the leadership of [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi|al-Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] for vengeance of the [[Martyrs of Karbala]]. The uprising began in [[66]]/685 in [[Kufa]]. It led to the murder of many people who had a role to play in the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his [[:Category:Companions of Imam al-Husayn (a)|companions]]: for example, [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]], [['Umar b. Sa'd]], [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]], and [[Sinan b. Anas]]. The Uprising of al-Mukhtar was formed in the name of [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]]. Some Shiite scholars hold that al-Mukhtar launched his movement at the command of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]]. | ||
== | ==Purpose== | ||
[[Al-Mukhtar]] was imprisoned during the [[Event of Karbala]]. After his release, he sought to avenge the murder of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. | [[Al-Mukhtar]] was imprisoned during the [[Event of Karbala]]. After his release, he sought to avenge the murder of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. | ||
==Accompanying 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr== | ==Accompanying 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr== | ||
[['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] released al-Mukhtar from the prison provided that he would not stay in [[Kufa]] for more than 3 days. Thus, al-Mukhtar headed towards [[Mecca]] which was then under the rule of [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. In his meeting with 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubyar, he said in response to the suggestion of people to pledge his allegiance to 'Abd Allah that his goal and 'Abd Allah's goal diverge, and thus, it would not be advisable for him to pledge his allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr. However, after the insistence of people, he pledged his allegiance to 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr on two conditions: | [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] released al-Mukhtar from the prison provided that he would not stay in [[Kufa]] for more than 3 days. Thus, al-Mukhtar headed towards [[Mecca]] which was then under the rule of [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. In his meeting with 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubyar, he said in response to the suggestion of people to pledge his allegiance to 'Abd Allah that his goal and 'Abd Allah's goal diverge, and thus, it would not be advisable for him to pledge his allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr. However, after the insistence of people, he pledged his allegiance to 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr on two conditions: | ||
# 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr had to consult him with respect to all affairs and never does anything on his own and never opposes him, | |||
# 'Abd Allah should give al-Mukhtar the highest ranking position in his government. | |||
When [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]'s army attacked Mecca and 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was | When [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]'s army attacked Mecca and 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was besieged, al-Mukhtar fought the army of Yazid alongside Ibn al-Zubayr. According to some sources, when al-Mukhtar found that 'Abd Allah deceitfully treated him and claimed [[caliphate]], he stepped aside from Ibn al-Zubayr's government and went to Kufa to prepare for his uprising. | ||
== | ==Meeting with Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | ||
Before moving towards Kufa, al-Mukhtar met [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]] and told him about his intention to launch an uprising, asking him for a permission. Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave him a permission in terms of a general remark and asked him to observe [[taqwa|abstinence]]. According to al-Baladhuri's report, Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya explicitly gave al-Mukhtar the permission for an uprising. | Before moving towards Kufa, al-Mukhtar met [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]] and told him about his intention to launch an uprising, asking him for a permission. Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave him a permission in terms of a general remark and asked him to observe [[taqwa|abstinence]]. According to [[al-Baladhuri]]'s report, Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya explicitly gave al-Mukhtar the permission for an uprising. | ||
== | ==Entering Kufa== | ||
Al-Mukhtar went from Mecca to Kufa. On his way, he cried for [[Imam al-Husayn]]'s (a) tragedy and mourned for him. Other [[Shi'as]] saw him and joined him there. On Friday, al-Mukhtar arrived in al-Hira river and performed a [[ghusl]] there, wearing a perfume and a turban. He then put a sword on his waist and went to al-Sakun Mosque of al-Kinda. On his way there, he promised people of his victory. | Al-Mukhtar went from Mecca to Kufa. On his way, he cried for [[Imam al-Husayn]]'s (a) tragedy and mourned for him. Other [[Shi'as]] saw him and joined him there. On Friday, al-Mukhtar arrived in al-Hira river and performed a [[ghusl]] there, wearing a perfume and a turban. He then put a sword on his waist and went to al-Sakun Mosque of al-Kinda. On his way there, he promised people of his victory. | ||
Al-Mukhtar arrived in Kufa 6 months after [[Yazid]]'s death on [[Ramadan 15]]. At the time [['Abd Allah b. Muti']] was the governor of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayrto in Kufa. | |||
Al-Mukhtar arrived in Kufa 6 months after [[Yazid]]'s death on [[Ramadan]] | |||
== | ==Uprising of Tawwabun== | ||
{{main|Tawwabun Uprising}} | {{main|Tawwabun Uprising}} | ||
After entering Kufa, al-Mukhtar received an invitation from [[Sulayman b. Surad]] and members of the Tawwabun Uprising. He refused to cooperate with them. He told people of Kufa that Sulayman was not experienced enough to launch a war and is ignorant of the secrets of a war. [['Umar b. Sa'd]] went to the ruler of Kufa and told him that Tawwabun were no threat to him; the real threat for Kufa, as he said, was al-Mukhtar. Thus, al-Mukhtar was imprisoned by agents of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr when Tawwabun launched their battle. | After entering Kufa, al-Mukhtar received an invitation from [[Sulayman b. Surad]] and members of the Tawwabun Uprising. He refused to cooperate with them. He told people of Kufa that Sulayman was not experienced enough to launch a war and is ignorant of the secrets of a war. [['Umar b. Sa'd]] went to the ruler of Kufa and told him that Tawwabun were no threat to him; the real threat for Kufa, as he said, was al-Mukhtar. Thus, al-Mukhtar was imprisoned by agents of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr when Tawwabun launched their battle. | ||
When Tawwabun were defeated, al-Mukhtar wrote letters to their survivors and asked them to join him. They agreed with al-Mukhtar's request and expressed their readiness to attack the prison and release al-Mukhtar. Al-Mukhtar asked them to hold on, since he would be released a few days later. He wrote a letter to [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] who was the husband of his sister, [[Safiyya bt. Abi 'Ubayd]] and asked him to intercede for his release. Thus, al-Mukhtar was released with the help of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar. | When Tawwabun were defeated, al-Mukhtar wrote letters to their survivors and asked them to join him. They agreed with al-Mukhtar's request and expressed their readiness to attack the prison and release al-Mukhtar. Al-Mukhtar asked them to hold on, since he would be released a few days later. He wrote a letter to [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] who was the husband of his sister, [[Safiyya bt. Abi 'Ubayd]] and asked him to intercede for his release. Thus, al-Mukhtar was released with the help of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar. | ||
The ruler of Kufa, released al-Mukhtar on the condition that he would take no actions against the government and swear that if he did so, he would slaughter 1000 camels and emancipate all his slaves, both males and females. Al-Mukhtar swore and was released from the prison. | |||
The ruler of Kufa | |||
When he was released, he told his companions: "to slaughter 1000 camels is nothing in comparison to my goal. I prefer to achieve my goal and have no slaves." | When he was released, he told his companions: "to slaughter 1000 camels is nothing in comparison to my goal. I prefer to achieve my goal and have no slaves." | ||
==Preparations | ==Preparations== | ||
Since governmental agents monitored al-Mukhtar's actions, he first commissioned some people to gather forces surreptitiously. Al-Mukhtar's representatives and close companions consisted in: | Since governmental agents monitored al-Mukhtar's actions, he first commissioned some people to gather forces surreptitiously. Al-Mukhtar's representatives and close companions consisted in: | ||
{{cb|3}} | |||
* [[Sa'ib b. Malik al-Ash'ari]], a head of Shi'as in [[Iraq]] and the ancestor of [[Ash'ariyyun]] in [[Qom]] | * [[Sa'ib b. Malik al-Ash'ari]], a head of Shi'as in [[Iraq]] and the ancestor of [[Ash'ariyyun]] in [[Qom]] | ||
| Line 59: | Line 58: | ||
* [['Abd Allah b. Shaddad al-Bajali]], another head of the Tawwabun Uprising. | * [['Abd Allah b. Shaddad al-Bajali]], another head of the Tawwabun Uprising. | ||
{{end}} | |||
==A Representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | ==A Representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | ||
In [[Kufa]], al-Mukhtar claimed that he was a representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, and called himself his trustee, minister, and ruler. He claimed that he launched his uprising at the command of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya for the vengeance of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. | In [[Kufa]], al-Mukhtar claimed that he was a representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, and called himself his trustee, minister, and ruler. He claimed that he launched his uprising at the command of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya for the vengeance of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. | ||
Some Shi'as gathered in Sa'r b. Abi Sa'r al-Hanafi's house. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh said that al-Mukhtar claimed to be Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's representative. He suggested that they go to [[Medina]] by themselves and see if al-Mukhtar was honest. | Some Shi'as gathered in Sa'r b. Abi Sa'r al-Hanafi's house. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh said that al-Mukhtar claimed to be Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's representative. He suggested that they go to [[Medina]] by themselves and see if al-Mukhtar was honest. | ||
'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh and others went to Medina and met Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya and inquired about the Uprising of al-Mukhtar and his claim to be Ibn al-Hanafiyya's representative. Ibn al-Hanafiyya replied: "I swear to God that I like God to avenge for us with the hands of any of His servants." | 'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh and others went to Medina and met Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya and inquired about the Uprising of al-Mukhtar and his claim to be Ibn al-Hanafiyya's representative. Ibn al-Hanafiyya replied: "I swear to God that I like God to avenge for us with the hands of any of His servants." | ||
[['Allama Majlisi]] quoted Ibn Nama as saying that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya took them to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in order to ask him about their obligations. The Imam (a) said: "Dear Uncle! If a person from Zanzibar rises to support us, others are obliged to help him. I appoint you as my representative with respect to this, so do whatever you find appropriate." | [[Al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] quoted Ibn Nama as saying that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya took them to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in order to ask him about their obligations. The Imam (a) said: "Dear Uncle! If a person from Zanzibar rises to support us, others are obliged to help him. I appoint you as my representative with respect to this, so do whatever you find appropriate." | ||
They left Medina to Kufa, and said: "Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave us the permission." When they arrived in Kufa, they confirmed al-Mukhtar's claim. | They left Medina to Kufa, and said: "Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave us the permission." When they arrived in Kufa, they confirmed al-Mukhtar's claim. | ||
It might be on the basis of this [[hadith]] that some prominent Shiite scholars, such as [[ | It might be on the basis of this [[hadith]] that some prominent Shiite scholars, such as [[al-Khu'i]] and [[al-Mamaqani]] believe that the Uprising of al-Mukhtar was done with the particular permission of Imam al-Sajjad (a). | ||
== | ==Role of Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar== | ||
In order to realize the goals of his uprising, al-Mukhtar accepted the proposal of the Shiite heads to invite [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] to help him in the uprising. Ibrahim was first hesitant, but he pledged his allegiance to al-Mukhtar after seeing Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's letter endorsing al-Mukhtar and hearing the testimonies of Shiite figures about the authenticity of the letter. He played a role as the second ranking person in the uprising. | In order to realize the goals of his uprising, al-Mukhtar accepted the proposal of the Shiite heads to invite [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] to help him in the uprising. Ibrahim was first hesitant, but he pledged his allegiance to al-Mukhtar after seeing Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's letter endorsing al-Mukhtar and hearing the testimonies of Shiite figures about the authenticity of the letter. He played a role as the second ranking person in the uprising. | ||
== | ==Commencement== | ||
According to the plans, the uprising was supposed to start on Thursday | According to the plans, the uprising was supposed to start on Thursday, Rabi' I 14, [[66]] (November 18, 685), but with the early conflict between Ibrahim and Ayas b. Mudarib, the commander of military forces in Kufa and the latter's murder, the uprising started two days earlier on Tuesday [[Rabi' I 12]], [[66 AH]] (November 16, 685). | ||
Al-Mukhtar ordered 'Abd Allah b. Shaddad to commence the uprising with the slogan, "[[Ya Mansur, Amit]]" (O Victorious! Bring Death!). It was a slogan of [[the Prophet (s)]] in battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]] and [[Battle of Banu l-Mustaliq|Banu l-Mustaliq]]. This slogan was a sign of later Shiite uprisings. It was also used later in the uprisings of [[Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali| Zayd b. 'Ali]], [[Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya|Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], and [[Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah]]. Al-Mukhtar also ordered [[Sufyan b. Layla]] and [[Qudama b. Malik]] to use the slogan, [[Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn]] (O the avengers of al-Husayn). | |||
Al-Mukhtar ordered 'Abd Allah b. Shaddad to commence the uprising with the slogan, "[[Ya Mansur, Amit]]" (O Victorious! Bring Death!). It was a slogan of [[the Prophet (s)]] in battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]] and [[Battle of Banu l-Mustaliq|Banu l-Mustaliq]]. This slogan was a sign of later Shiite uprisings. It was also used later in the uprisings of [[Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali| Zayd b. 'Ali]], [[Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya|Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], and [[Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah]]. Al-Mukhtar also ordered [[Sufyan b. Layla]] and [[Qudama b. Malik]] to use the slogan, [[Ya | |||
The uprising was then publicized, and after a few days, al-Mukhtar's army ousted 'Abd Allah b. Muti', the ruler of Kufa, from the city. 'Abd Allah b. Muti' had been appointed by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] as the ruler of Kufa in order to quench the Tawwabun. | The uprising was then publicized, and after a few days, al-Mukhtar's army ousted 'Abd Allah b. Muti', the ruler of Kufa, from the city. 'Abd Allah b. Muti' had been appointed by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] as the ruler of Kufa in order to quench the Tawwabun. | ||
==Entering the Palace of Kufa== | ==Entering the Palace of Kufa== | ||
On Friday, Rabi' I 15, 66 (November 19, 685), al-Mukhtar entered the palace of Kufa. People said the [[Friday Prayer]] behind him. Before the prayer, he delivered two sermons in which he explained the goals of his uprising. After the prayer, the allegiance ceremony was held. | On Friday, [[Rabi' I 15]], 66 AH ([[November 19]], 685), al-Mukhtar entered the palace of Kufa. People said the [[Friday Prayer]] behind him. Before the prayer, he delivered two sermons in which he explained the goals of his uprising. After the prayer, the allegiance ceremony was held. | ||
==Division of Governmental Positions== | ==Division of Governmental Positions== | ||
{{cb|3}} | {{cb|3}} | ||
* [['Abd Allah b. Harith al-Nakha'i]], the uncle of Ibrahim b. Malik, as the ruler of Armaniya | * [['Abd Allah b. Harith al-Nakha'i]], the uncle of Ibrahim b. Malik, as the ruler of Armaniya | ||
* [[Muhammad b. 'Umayr]], the ruler of Azerbaijan | * [[Muhammad b. 'Umayr]], the ruler of Azerbaijan | ||
* [['Abd al-Rahman b. Sa'id b. Qays]], the ruler of [[Mosul]] | * [['Abd al-Rahman b. Sa'id b. Qays]], the ruler of [[Mosul]] | ||
* [[Ishaq b. Mas'ud]], the ruler of [[al-Mada'in]] | * [[Ishaq b. Mas'ud]], the ruler of [[al-Mada'in]] | ||
* [[Sa'id b. Hudhayfa b. Yaman]], the ruler of Hulwan | * [[Sa'id b. Hudhayfa b. Yaman]], the ruler of Hulwan | ||
* [['Abd Allah b. Malik al-Ta'i]], the judge of Kufa | * [['Abd Allah b. Malik al-Ta'i]], the judge of Kufa | ||
* [[Abu 'Umra al-Kaysan]], the commander of military forces inside Kufa. | * [[Abu 'Umra al-Kaysan]], the commander of military forces inside Kufa. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
==Avenging the Murdurers== | ==Avenging the Murdurers== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 125: | Line 108: | ||
| [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]] || Commander of the infantries and several other crimes || Murdered in a conflict and decapitated | | [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]] || Commander of the infantries and several other crimes || Murdered in a conflict and decapitated | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[ | | [[Sinan b. Anas]] || Decapitating [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] || Amputated by fingers, arms, and legs; thrown in a pot | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Khawli b. Yazid]] || Carrying the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) and numerous crimes || Thrown into fire | | [[Khawli b. Yazid]] || Carrying the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) and numerous crimes || Thrown into fire | ||
| Line 175: | Line 158: | ||
| [[Usayd b. Malik]] || Running over Imam al-Husayn's (a) corpse with his horse || Arms and legs nailed to the ground | | [[Usayd b. Malik]] || Running over Imam al-Husayn's (a) corpse with his horse || Arms and legs nailed to the ground | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Realization of Imam al-Sajjad's (s) Curse=== | |||
[[Minhal b. 'Amr]] said that he met [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in [[Medina]]. The Imam (a) asked about [[Harmala]]. He told the Imam (a): "he was alive when I was in Kufa", the Imam (a) said: "… O God, make him feel the heat of iron, O God, make him feel the heat of iron, O God, make him feel the heat of fire …". Minhal said that when he returned to Kufa, he saw that Harmala was captured by al-Mukhtar and the Imam's (a) curse was realized. | |||
==='Umar b. Sa'd's Safety Conduct=== | |||
[['Umar b. Sa'd]] sent 'Abd Allah b. Ja'da, a close companion of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] to al-Mukhtar to ask him for a safety conduct for 'Umar. For some exigencies, al-Mukhtar gave him a safety conduct on the condition that no occurrence occurs from his and he does not leave his place and Kufa. | |||
====Violation of the Safety Conduct==== | |||
When the news about Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's concerns about the release of 'Umar b. Sa'd was received by al-Mukhtar, he made plans to kill 'Umar. Thus, in a meeting where some close companions of 'Umar b. Sa'd were present, he said that he will kill the main agent of the story of [[Karbala]] in the coming days. Al-Mukhtar had conditioned his safety conduct upon no "hadath" occurring from 'Umar. [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] later said about the word, "hadath", in al-Mukhtar's safety conduct that it meant what invalidates the [[wudu']], that is, flatulence. Al-Mukhtar commissioned Abu 'Umra to kill 'Umar, and he brought 'Umar's head to al-Mukhtar. | |||
==Battle with Syria's Government== | ==Battle with Syria's Government== | ||
{{main|Battle of Khazir}} | |||
Most murderers of the [[Martyrs of Karbala]] who resided in Kufa were killed, but a few of them could escape and survive. After this, al-Mukhtar planned to combat the central government in [[Syria]], the [[Umayyad dynasty]], in order to punish the main contributors of Imam al-Husayn's (a) martyrdom. On some accounts, after killing Imam al-Husayn's (a) murderers, al-Mukhtar's biggest concern was to send Ibrahim's army to Syria. | Most murderers of the [[Martyrs of Karbala]] who resided in Kufa were killed, but a few of them could escape and survive. After this, al-Mukhtar planned to combat the central government in [[Syria]], the [[Umayyad dynasty]], in order to punish the main contributors of Imam al-Husayn's (a) martyrdom. On some accounts, after killing Imam al-Husayn's (a) murderers, al-Mukhtar's biggest concern was to send Ibrahim's army to Syria. | ||
Two days after the eradication of the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a), al-Mukhtar sent Ibrahim b. Malik to Syria. On the other hand, [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] moved towards Ibrahim with a large army. The two armies met near Mosul. | Two days after the eradication of the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a), al-Mukhtar sent Ibrahim b. Malik to Syria. On the other hand, [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] moved towards Ibrahim with a large army. The two armies met near Mosul. | ||
Ibrahim's army consisted of 12000 people, 8000 of which were Iranians and 4000 were Arabs. On some accounts, Ibrahim's army consisted of 20,000 to 30,000 people. | Ibrahim's army consisted of 12000 people, 8000 of which were Iranians and 4000 were Arabs. On some accounts, Ibrahim's army consisted of 20,000 to 30,000 people. | ||
Ibrahim's army met with Ibn Ziyad's army consisting of 80,000 people around Mosul. The battle ended with the victory of Ibrahim, and people such as 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, [[Husayn b. Numayr]], and [[Shurahbil b. Dhi l-Kila']] were killed. 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad was killed on the [[Ashura]] of [[67]]/686. | Ibrahim's army met with Ibn Ziyad's army consisting of 80,000 people around Mosul. The [[Battle of Khazir|battle]] ended with the victory of Ibrahim, and people such as 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, [[al-Husayn b. Numayr]], and [[Shurahbil b. Dhi l-Kila']] were killed. 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad was killed on the [[Ashura]] of [[67]]/686. | ||
'Ubayad Allah b. Ziyad's corpse was burned, and his head was taken to al-Mukhtar in Kufa. He sent the head to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]]. | 'Ubayad Allah b. Ziyad's corpse was burned, and his head was taken to al-Mukhtar in Kufa. He sent the head to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]]. | ||
When Ibn Ziyad's head was taken to Imam al-Sajjad (a), he was having a meal. The Imam (a) said: "when we were taken to Ibn Ziyad, he was having a meal and my father's head was in front of him. I said to myself: O God, I hope to be alive and see his head in front of me." | When Ibn Ziyad's head was taken to Imam al-Sajjad (a), he was having a meal. The Imam (a) said: "when we were taken to Ibn Ziyad, he was having a meal and my father's head was in front of him. I said to myself: O God, I hope to be alive and see his head in front of me." | ||
==Al-Khashabiyya Army== | ==Al-Khashabiyya Army== | ||
[['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] imprisoned Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]], and 17 people from [[Banu Hashim]], including [[al-Hasan al-Muthanna]] in a cave called "Shi'b al-'Arim" and threatened that he will throw them into fire if they do not pledge their allegiance to him. In order to justify his brother's threatening, [['Urwa b. al-Zubayr]] said that "he did this in order to unify Muslims and make them (Banu Hashim) obey him and prevent divisions in the Islamic community, as [['Umar b. Khattab]] did this to Banu Hashim when they delayed their allegiance to [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]]." | [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] imprisoned Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, [['Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas]], and 17 people from [[Banu Hashim]], including [[al-Hasan al-Muthanna]] in a cave called "Shi'b al-'Arim" and threatened that he will throw them into fire if they do not pledge their allegiance to him. In order to justify his brother's threatening, [['Urwa b. al-Zubayr]] said that "he did this in order to unify Muslims and make them (Banu Hashim) obey him and prevent divisions in the Islamic community, as [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] did this to Banu Hashim when they delayed their allegiance to [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]]." | ||
Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya sent a message to al-Mukhtar and asked him for help. Al-Mukhtar sent an army to [[Mecca]] whose only weapons were wooden sticks, and so they released the Banu Hashim. This army came to be known as "Khashabiyya", that is, holders of woods. Their wooden weapons were with the intention to respect Mecca and not enter this holy city with swords. | Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya sent a message to al-Mukhtar and asked him for help. Al-Mukhtar sent an army to [[Mecca]] whose only weapons were wooden sticks, and so they released the Banu Hashim. This army came to be known as "al-Khashabiyya", that is, holders of woods. Their wooden weapons were with the intention to respect Mecca and not enter this holy city with swords. | ||
==Battle between al-Mukhtar and Mus'ab== | ==Battle between al-Mukhtar and Mus'ab== | ||
Some murderers of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] could escape. Their main figures were [[Muhammad b. Ash'ath]] and [[Shabath b. Rib'i]]. They went to [[Basra]] and incited [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] to launch a war against al-Mukhtar. | Some murderers of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] could escape. Their main figures were [[Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath]] and [[Shabath b. Rib'i]]. They went to [[Basra]] and incited [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] to launch a war against al-Mukhtar. | ||
==Battle | ===Battle Outside Kufa=== | ||
The two armies first met in an area called "Midhar". Al-Mukhtar's army was under the commandership of Ahmar b. Shumayt and was assisted by [['Abd Allah b. Kamil]] with the presence of Abu 'Umra al-Kaysan, and Mus'ab's army was under the commandership of Mus' ab himself with the presence of [[Muhallab b. Abi Sufra]]. Al-Mukhtar's army was seriously defeated in this battle. Ibn Shumayt, Ibn Kamil, Abu 'Umra, and many Iranians who supported al-Mukhtar were killed. | The two armies first met in an area called "Midhar". Al-Mukhtar's army was under the commandership of Ahmar b. Shumayt and was assisted by [['Abd Allah b. Kamil]] with the presence of [[Abu 'Umra al-Kaysan]], and Mus'ab's army was under the commandership of Mus'ab himself with the presence of [[al-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra]]. Al-Mukhtar's army was seriously defeated in this battle. Ibn Shumayt, Ibn Kamil, Abu 'Umra, and many Iranians who supported al-Mukhtar were killed. | ||
After this, another battle occurred outside Kufa with the presence of al-Mukhtar, in which al-Mukhtar's forces were seriously defeated and retreated to Kufa. In this battle, Muhammad b. Ash'ath was killed. | After this, another battle occurred outside Kufa with the presence of al-Mukhtar, in which al-Mukhtar's forces were seriously defeated and retreated to Kufa. In this battle, Muhammad b. al-Ash'ath was killed. | ||
==Battle | ===Battle Inside the City=== | ||
Mus'ab's forces moved forwards to the city and after some conflicts inside Kufa, they defeated al-Mukhtar's forces and siege Dar al-Imara (the governmental building). | Mus'ab's forces moved forwards to the city and after some conflicts inside Kufa, they defeated al-Mukhtar's forces and siege Dar al-Imara (the governmental building). 6,000 people were inside Dar al-Imara with al-Mukhtar. Al-Mukhtar suggested that they attack the enemy and die bravely, but they did not accept it. | ||
==Al-Mukhtar's Murder== | ==Al-Mukhtar's Murder== | ||
Al-Mukhtar and 19 other people went out of the palace. After an unjust war, al-Mukhtar was killed on [[Ramadan]] | Al-Mukhtar and 19 other people went out of the palace. After an unjust war, al-Mukhtar was killed on [[Ramadan 14]], [[67]] ([[April 3]], 687). | ||
Companions of al-Mukhtar who were killed with him included 'Abd Allah and 'Abd al-Rahman, the sons of [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], and [[Sa'ib b. Malik al-Ash'ari]], the ancestor of [[Ash'ariyyun]] in [[Qom]]. | Companions of al-Mukhtar who were killed with him included 'Abd Allah and 'Abd al-Rahman, the sons of [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], and [[Sa'ib b. Malik al-Ash'ari]], the ancestor of [[Ash'ariyyun]] in [[Qom]]. | ||
== | ==Fate of the Surrounded People== | ||
People who did not comply with al-Mukhtar's order to be honorably killed in a confrontation with Mus'ab's army were all arrested after al-Mukhtar's murder and were decapitated. | People who did not comply with al-Mukhtar's order to be honorably killed in a confrontation with Mus'ab's army were all arrested after al-Mukhtar's murder and were decapitated. | ||
One day, Mus'ab met [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]. 'Abd Allah told him: "you are the one who killed 6000 Muslims in one day", Mus'ab replied: "they were not Muslims", 'Abd Allah said: "even if you had killed 6000 of your father's sheep, it would be a squander and would be forbidden, let alone 6000 Muslims." | One day, Mus'ab met [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]. 'Abd Allah told him: "you are the one who killed 6000 Muslims in one day", Mus'ab replied: "they were not Muslims", 'Abd Allah said: "even if you had killed 6000 of your father's sheep, it would be a squander and would be forbidden, let alone 6000 Muslims." | ||
== | ==Murder of al-Mukhtar's Wife== | ||
After killing all the captives, Mus'ab captured al-Mukhtar's two wives, [[Umm Thabit bt. Samura b. Jundab]] and [['Umra bt. Nu'man b. Bashir]], and asked them to curse al-Mukhtar. Umm Thabit did so and was released, but 'Umra said: "may God bless him! He was a righteous servant of God". So Mus'ab ordered her murder. According to al-Ya'qubi, Mus'ab asked 'Umra's view about al-Mukhtar, she said: "he was pious, pure and always [[fast|fasted]]". She was the first woman in Islam who was decapitated. | After killing all the captives, Mus'ab captured al-Mukhtar's two wives, [[Umm Thabit bt. Samura b. Jundab]] and [['Umra bt. Nu'man b. Bashir]], and asked them to curse al-Mukhtar. Umm Thabit did so and was released, but 'Umra said: "may God bless him! He was a righteous servant of God". So Mus'ab ordered her murder. According to al-Ya'qubi, Mus'ab asked 'Umra's view about al-Mukhtar, she said: "he was pious, pure and always [[fast|fasted]]". She was the first woman in Islam who was decapitated. | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{cb|4}} | {{cb|4}} | ||
* [[Al-Mukhtar]] | |||
* [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] | |||
* [[Tawwabun Uprising]] | * [[Tawwabun Uprising]] | ||
* [[Dawma bt. 'Amr]] | * [[Dawma bt. 'Amr]] | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
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[[Category:Event of Karbala]] | [[Category:Event of Karbala]] | ||
[[Category:Uprisings]] | [[Category:Uprisings]] | ||
[[Category:Uprising of al-Mukhtar]] | |||