Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr: Difference between revisions

  | caption = Sayyid Muhammad b. Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr

  | Full name = Sayyid Muhammad b. Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr

  | Well known relatives = [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr]], [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], [[Muqtada Sadr]], [[Al-Shaykh Muhammad Reda Al Yasin]]

  | Professors = [[Al-Shaykh Muhammad Reda Al Yasin]], [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Taqi al-Hakim]], [[Al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei]], [[Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini]], [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]]

  | Permission for hadith transmission from = [[Aqa Buzurg Tihrani]], [[Sayyid Abd al-Razzaq Muqarram]], [[Al-Shaykh Murtida Al Yasin]]

  | Permission for ijtihad from = [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]]

  | Works = ''[[Mawsu'a al-Imam al-Mahid (a)]]'', ''Munnat al-minan'', ''Ma wara' al-fiqh''

'''Al-Sayyid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Ṣādiq al-Ṣadr''' (Arabic: {{ia|سید محمد بن محمدصادق الصدر}}) (b. [[1362]]/1943 - d. [[1419]]/1999) was a [[Shiite]] authority in [[Iraq]] in the 14th/20th century. He was an opponent of [[Saddam]]'s government.

Al-Sadr was an active clergy; he was a political and social activist in [[Iraq]]. He was repeatedly imprisoned by the Ba'ath regime in Iraq. His activities included the holding of [[Friday Prayer]]s, foundation of [[Islam]]ic courts, revival of mourning ceremonies for the [[Imams (a)]], and processions to [[Karbala]] on [[Sha'ban 15]].

He studied Islamic disciplines with [[Imam Khomeini]] and [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]]. He was planning to form an Islamic government in Iraq. His work mostly is mostly concerned with [[fiqh]] (Jurisprudence) and [[usul al-fiqh]] (principles of Jurisprudence). His well-known work includes: ''[[Mawsu'a al-Imam al-Mahdi (a) (book)|Mawsu'a al-Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]'', ''Munnat al-minan'', ''Mawara' al-fiqh'', and ''Fiqh al-akhlaq''.

Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr was from the Sadr family whose lineage goes back to [[Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Sadr]], and through him, to [[Imam Musa al-Kazim (a)]]. Prominent figures of this family include Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Sadr, [[Imam Musa al-Sadr]], [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], and [['Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-'Amili]].

Al-Sayyid Muhammad's father, [[Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr]] was a Shiite clergy. His maternal grandfather was [[Shaykh Muhammad Rida Al Yasin]]. Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was his cousin.

Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr married the daughter of his father's brother, and they had 2 daughters and 4 sons. All of his sons were clergymen, and 3 of his sons were Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's sons in laws. Two of his sons, Mustafa and Mu'ammal, were martyred together with their father in 1377/1999. [[Muqtada al-Sadr]], the leader of [[Jaysh al-Mahdi]] in Iraq, and Murtada are his two other sons.

Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr began his studies with his grandfather, Shaykh Muhammad Rida Al Yasin and his father. He wore the formal dressing of Shiite clergies at the age of 11. He studied the preliminaries with his father, and then with Sayyid Talib Rufa'i and Shaykh Hasan al-Tard al-'Amili. He studied the rest of the preliminaries with [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Hakim]] and [[Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Irawani]].

He attended the College of Fiqh at the age of 14, and in addition to Islamic disciplines, he studied English, sociology, psychology, and history. In 1379/1959, he started to learn fiqh. He studied philosophy with al-Shaykh [[Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar]], [[usul al-fiqh]] and [[comparative fiqh]] with Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Hakim, and fiqh with Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Irawani. Sayyid Muhammad Sadr also studied general fiqh with [[Shaykh Mahdi Muzaffar]], English with Sayyid 'Abd al-Wahhab Karbala'i, psychology with Dr. Hatam Ka'bi, and history with Dr. Fadil Husayn. He was graduated from the College of Fiqh at the age of 19.

He studied advanced courses of fiqh and usul al-fiqh with teachers of the Shiite seminary school of [[Najaf]], such as Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr and [[Shaykh Sadra Badkubi'i]]. He also studied [[kharij]] courses of fiqh and usul al-fiqh with [[Ayatollah Khu'i]], [[Imam Khomeini]], Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr, and [[Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]]. He wrote down the lectures of his teachers.

==Permissions of Ijtihad and Transmission of Hadiths==

* His father, Sayyid Muhammad Sadiq Sadr

* His uncle, Shaykh Murtada Al Yasin

* [[Ayatollah Sayyid Husayn Khurasani]]

He received a [[Permission of Ijtihad]] from Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Sadr at the age of 34 in 1369/1949.

* Reviving mourning ceremonies of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and other [[Imams (a)|Shiite Imams (a)]] after they were forbidden by Saddam's Ba'ath regime. He recited elegies at the [[martyrdom]] anniversary of [[Amir al-Mu'minin (a)]] on the [[minbar]] of the [[Kufa Mosque]].

* Founding Islamic courts and pursuing an Islamic government: he formed Islamic courts, against governmental courts, adjudicating on the basis of sharia.

Al-Sadr was repeatedly arrested and imprisoned by the Ba'ath government of Iraq. He was first imprisoned in 1972. In 1974, he was imprisoned for the second time together with 150 students of al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and members of [[Hizb al-Da'wa al-Islamiyya]] (Islamic Da'wa Party). In 1991, after [[al-Intifada al-Sha'baniyya]], he was imprisoned because of his cultural activities and speeches against the Ba'ath government together with 106 other people. However, after the events of 1991, the Ba'ath government of Iraq introduced him as the official authority of Iraqi Shi'as and appointed him as the administrator of the Shiite [[Seminary of Najaf]]. When he accepted the Shiite authority, he was criticized by many people who accused him of having relations with the Ba'ath government. Some others maintain that he turned the military movement of [[Intifada]] into a reformist movement in Iraq, which was encouraged by [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadl Allah]] and welcomed by Saddam's regime.

* ''Minnat al-munan'': a five-volume exegesis of the 30th [[juz']] of the [[Qur'an]] beginning from [[Sura al-Nas]]. It consists in notes from lectures of al-Sadr concerning the exegesis given on Thursdays, Fridays, and other holidays. According to the author, the exegesis is written for intellectuals, academicians, and scholars of Islamic seminaries.

* ''Adwa' 'ala thawrat al-Husayn (a)'': in this book, al-Sadr made prescriptions to orators, preachers, and reciters of the elegies of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] with respect to the citations of the events of [['Ashura]]. The book has been translated into Persian as ''Partuwhayi bar inqilab-i Husayn (a)'' (Lights on the revolution of Husayn (a)).

[[Noor Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences]] has provided a software version of the works of al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr under "The Heritage of Ayatollah al-'Uzma al-Sayyid al-Shahid Muhammad al-Sadr" at the request of Mu'assisa al-Muntazar li Ihua' Turath Al al-Sadr (al-Muntazar Institute for the Revival of the Heritage of al-Sadr Family). The software contains the full texts of 62 books in 98 volumes by Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr in Arabic, Persian, and English regarding the exegesis of the Quran and Quranic sciences, ethics, principles of beliefs, Mahdawiyya, history, rulings of sharia, usul al-fiqh, fiqh, law, family, poetry, and physics. It also contains audio files of al-Sadr's lectures and speeches.