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Abd al-Malik b. Marwan: Difference between revisions
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==Birth and Lineage== | ==Birth and Lineage== | ||
Abu l-Walid 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan b. Hakam b. Abi al-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams, the fifth Umayyad caliph was born in [[26]]/646-47 in [[Medina]], [[Hijaz]]. [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], his father, was an Umayyad caliph and his mother was 'A'isha bt. Mu'awiya b. al-Mughira b. Abi l-'As. 'Abd al-Malik had 17 sons; four of them, al-Walid, Sulayman, Yazid and Hisham, later became caliph as well.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab'', p.82-89.</ref> | Abu l-Walid 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan b. Hakam b. Abi al-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams, the fifth Umayyad caliph was born in [[26]]/646-47 in [[Medina]], [[Hijaz]]. [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], his father, was an Umayyad caliph and his mother was 'A'isha bt. Mu'awiya b. al-Mughira b. Abi l-'As. 'Abd al-Malik had 17 sons; four of them, al-Walid, Sulayman, Yazid and Hisham, later became caliph as well.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab'', p. 82-89.</ref> | ||
==Characteristics== | ==Characteristics== | ||
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==Beginning of Rule== | ==Beginning of Rule== | ||
When [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] set out for [[Egypt]] in 65/684-85 to suppress the riots, he appointed 'Abd al-Malik to be a caliph. Marwan passed away in [[Ramadan]] in that year, and people of [[Damascus]] took an oath of allegiance to Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol.8, p.260.</ref> When he came to power, Muslims' territory was in chaos and the Umayyad dynasty was in decline. | When [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] set out for [[Egypt]] in 65/684-85 to suppress the riots, he appointed 'Abd al-Malik to be a caliph. Marwan passed away in [[Ramadan]] in that year, and people of [[Damascus]] took an oath of allegiance to Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 8, p. 260.</ref> When he came to power, Muslims' territory was in chaos and the Umayyad dynasty was in decline. | ||
==Dealing with Internal and External Threats== | ==Dealing with Internal and External Threats== | ||
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* A group of [[Banu Umayya]] who disagreed with [[caliphate]] of 'Abd al-Malik and considered themselves worthy of the caliphate. 'Amr b. Sa'id b. al-'As was the most important one, who was promised to be appointed as the Crown Prince by 'Abd all-Malik and then he was killed after a while. | * A group of [[Banu Umayya]] who disagreed with [[caliphate]] of 'Abd al-Malik and considered themselves worthy of the caliphate. 'Amr b. Sa'id b. al-'As was the most important one, who was promised to be appointed as the Crown Prince by 'Abd all-Malik and then he was killed after a while. | ||
'Abd al-Malik also managed to suppress the movement of Mardaites with a similar strategy.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol.2, p.304. </ref> | 'Abd al-Malik also managed to suppress the movement of Mardaites with a similar strategy.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 304. </ref> | ||
'''Romans''' | '''Romans''' | ||
'Abd al-Malik was forced to pay tax to Romans so that he would not fear any attacks from them.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p.218.</ref> | 'Abd al-Malik was forced to pay tax to Romans so that he would not fear any attacks from them.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p. 218.</ref> | ||
'''Shi'a Uprisings in Iraq''' | '''Shi'a Uprisings in Iraq''' | ||
After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], the [[Tawwabun Uprising|Uprising of Tawwabun]] and the [[Uprising of al-Mukhtar|Uprising of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] took place in [[Iraq]]. The rise of Tawwabun was defeated by [['Ubay Allah b. Ziyad]] in the time of [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]],<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol.2, p.257.</ref> but [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] was suppressed in the time of 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārub al-umam'', vol.2, p.95-110; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol.2, p.257; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol.7, p.557-560.</ref> However, 'Abd al-Malik himself did not act directly but he let [[Zubayrids]] do the job. Zubayrids were fighting against both al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and Umayyads. | After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], the [[Tawwabun Uprising|Uprising of Tawwabun]] and the [[Uprising of al-Mukhtar|Uprising of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] took place in [[Iraq]]. The rise of Tawwabun was defeated by [['Ubay Allah b. Ziyad]] in the time of [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]],<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 257.</ref> but [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] was suppressed in the time of 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārub al-umam'', vol. 2, p. 95-110; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 257; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 7, p. 557-560.</ref> However, 'Abd al-Malik himself did not act directly but he let [[Zubayrids]] do the job. Zubayrids were fighting against both al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and Umayyads. | ||
'''Zubayrids''' | '''Zubayrids''' | ||
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* 'Abd al-Malik also did not allow people of Syria to travel to [[Mecca]] to perform [[hajj]] rituals, as they were influenced by propaganda spread by Zubayrids. According to [[al-Ya'qubi]]: "People complained about the prohibition of performing hajj rituals, and 'Abd al-Malik replied, as Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri narrated from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], you should go on a pilgrimage on three mosques, [[al-Masjid al-Haram]], [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], and [[al-Masjid al-Aqsa]]. Today al-Masjid al-Aqsa is equally important as al-Masjid al-Haram. [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]] also narrated: "The rock where Jews sacrificed on, is the rock where Prophet Muhammad (s) ascended to [[heaven]] in the night of [[Mi'raj]]." 'Abd al-Malik also ordered to build a dome on that rock and they provided curtains on it and assigned servants for the place. They told people to perform hajj rituals there, which continued in the Umayyad era. | * 'Abd al-Malik also did not allow people of Syria to travel to [[Mecca]] to perform [[hajj]] rituals, as they were influenced by propaganda spread by Zubayrids. According to [[al-Ya'qubi]]: "People complained about the prohibition of performing hajj rituals, and 'Abd al-Malik replied, as Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri narrated from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], you should go on a pilgrimage on three mosques, [[al-Masjid al-Haram]], [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], and [[al-Masjid al-Aqsa]]. Today al-Masjid al-Aqsa is equally important as al-Masjid al-Haram. [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]] also narrated: "The rock where Jews sacrificed on, is the rock where Prophet Muhammad (s) ascended to [[heaven]] in the night of [[Mi'raj]]." 'Abd al-Malik also ordered to build a dome on that rock and they provided curtains on it and assigned servants for the place. They told people to perform hajj rituals there, which continued in the Umayyad era. | ||
In addition, 'Abd al-Malik sent [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] to suppress [[Zubayrids]] and take control of [[Hijaz]]. Then al-Hajjaj set out for [[Ta'if]] with twelve thousand men to negotiate with [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]], which led to failure as he disagreed with al-Hajjaj. Later, al-Hajjaj surrounded [[Mecca]] and he even damaged [[Ka'ba]] by throwing heavy rock by catapults.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol.5, p.177.</ref> | In addition, 'Abd al-Malik sent [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] to suppress [[Zubayrids]] and take control of [[Hijaz]]. Then al-Hajjaj set out for [[Ta'if]] with twelve thousand men to negotiate with [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]], which led to failure as he disagreed with al-Hajjaj. Later, al-Hajjaj surrounded [[Mecca]] and he even damaged [[Ka'ba]] by throwing heavy rock by catapults.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 177.</ref> | ||
Mecca was under siege for seven months. Gradually people left 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr, ten thousands of people asked for mercy including two sons of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr, Habib and Hamza who ran away. But one of his sons named al-Zubayr was killed alongside his father. 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr and few of his supporters resisted until their last breath and they fought bravely. Eventually 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was killed in al-Masjid al-Haram. | Mecca was under siege for seven months. Gradually people left 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr, ten thousands of people asked for mercy including two sons of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr, Habib and Hamza who ran away. But one of his sons named al-Zubayr was killed alongside his father. 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr and few of his supporters resisted until their last breath and they fought bravely. Eventually 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was killed in al-Masjid al-Haram. | ||
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[[Kharijites]] were divided into different groups based on their perspectives on political action and faith. [[Azariqa]], [[Sufriyya]], and [[Ibadiyya]] were the most notable ones. | [[Kharijites]] were divided into different groups based on their perspectives on political action and faith. [[Azariqa]], [[Sufriyya]], and [[Ibadiyya]] were the most notable ones. | ||
Azariqa, led by [[Nafi' b. Azraq]] used the weak condition of the Umayyads and took control of [[Basra]] but people refused to take the oath of allegiance to him. Then he moved to [[Ahvaz]] with his supporters and attacked a number of cities. Eventually, he was killed in his attack on Basra in 65/684-85.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Al-Kāmil'', vol.4,p.194.</ref> | Azariqa, led by [[Nafi' b. Azraq]] used the weak condition of the Umayyads and took control of [[Basra]] but people refused to take the oath of allegiance to him. Then he moved to [[Ahvaz]] with his supporters and attacked a number of cities. Eventually, he was killed in his attack on Basra in 65/684-85.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Al-Kāmil'', vol. 4, p. 194.</ref> | ||
Sufriyya Kharijites, led by [[Salih b. Masrah]] attacked [[Kufa]] from north of [[Mosul]]. After years of conflicts and battles, they were defeated and suppressed by al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol.8, p.8.</ref> | Sufriyya Kharijites, led by [[Salih b. Masrah]] attacked [[Kufa]] from north of [[Mosul]]. After years of conflicts and battles, they were defeated and suppressed by al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 8, p. 8.</ref> | ||
Najd b. 'Amir al-Hanafi also led a group of Kharijites, they moved to [[Bahrain]] and its neighbouring regions in 65/684-85 where they started to attack [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and 'Abd al-Malik. They were eventually surrounded and suppressed by 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol.7, p.462.</ref> | Najd b. 'Amir al-Hanafi also led a group of Kharijites, they moved to [[Bahrain]] and its neighbouring regions in 65/684-85 where they started to attack [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and 'Abd al-Malik. They were eventually surrounded and suppressed by 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 7, p. 462.</ref> | ||
'''Borderlines''' | '''Borderlines''' | ||
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==Conquering North of Africa== | ==Conquering North of Africa== | ||
In the early days of 'Abd al-Malik's [[caliphate]], the king of Roma broke the peace treaty with Muslims and attacked Muslims' territory.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol.6, p.150.</ref> 'Abd al-Malik realized the danger of Romans and decided to pay tax to them; he promised to pay a thousand Dinar every week.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol.6, p.150.</ref> However, when 'Abd al-Malik managed to suppress internal disputes and uprisings, he launched an attack on the Roman Empire and conquered large parts of their territories, as a result, the peace treaty was violated.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p.188.</ref> | In the early days of 'Abd al-Malik's [[caliphate]], the king of Roma broke the peace treaty with Muslims and attacked Muslims' territory.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 150.</ref> 'Abd al-Malik realized the danger of Romans and decided to pay tax to them; he promised to pay a thousand Dinar every week.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 150.</ref> However, when 'Abd al-Malik managed to suppress internal disputes and uprisings, he launched an attack on the Roman Empire and conquered large parts of their territories, as a result, the peace treaty was violated.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p. 188.</ref> | ||
Expanding Muslims territory in Africa became a political strategy in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's rule. In 65/685 'Abd al-Malik sent an army led by al-Zuhayr b. Qays al-Balawi to Africa. Al-Zuhayr managed to break the alliance between Berbers and Roman Emperor but he was killed in the battle against the Romans. | Expanding Muslims territory in Africa became a political strategy in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's rule. In 65/685 'Abd al-Malik sent an army led by al-Zuhayr b. Qays al-Balawi to Africa. Al-Zuhayr managed to break the alliance between Berbers and Roman Emperor but he was killed in the battle against the Romans. | ||
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Meanwhile, Zenata and Urasi tribes led by a woman named Kahina (or Dihya) brought serious problems for al-Hasan b. Nu'man. Muslims army was at first severely defeated by Berbers, but later Ibn al-Nu'man attacked Kahina and killed her; as a result, all of her supporters accepted to obey him. | Meanwhile, Zenata and Urasi tribes led by a woman named Kahina (or Dihya) brought serious problems for al-Hasan b. Nu'man. Muslims army was at first severely defeated by Berbers, but later Ibn al-Nu'man attacked Kahina and killed her; as a result, all of her supporters accepted to obey him. | ||
According to one narration, Romans tried to capture Carthage back from Muslims by means of navy soldiers which was resisted and defeated by al-Hasan. After some time he ordered to demolish the whole city to end their aspiration to recapture it. However, they built a new city called Tunisia in the eastern region.<ref>Al-Yāqūt al-Ḥimawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol.2, p.61.</ref> | According to one narration, Romans tried to capture Carthage back from Muslims by means of navy soldiers which was resisted and defeated by al-Hasan. After some time he ordered to demolish the whole city to end their aspiration to recapture it. However, they built a new city called Tunisia in the eastern region.<ref>Al-Yāqūt al-Ḥimawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 61.</ref> | ||
==Arabicization of Courts== | ==Arabicization of Courts== | ||
Administrations were managed by [[Mawalis]] and Ajams (non-Arabs), as a result, the official language of administrations and organizations were non-Arabic; they were different based on their local region. In some places, Iranians were using Persian language and in some regions, Roman and Egyptian were using their own languages. | Administrations were managed by [[Mawalis]] and Ajams (non-Arabs), as a result, the official language of administrations and organizations were non-Arabic; they were different based on their local region. In some places, Iranians were using Persian language and in some regions, Roman and Egyptian were using their own languages. | ||
As all Umayyad caliphs emphasized on Arabicization and humiliation of other languages and races, 'Abd al-Malik made huge efforts to appoint Arab administrators so that non-Arabs were dismissed from administrations.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p.192.</ref> In the first step, Abd al-Malik changed the administrations system and then he Arabicized them. Then he changed the currency of Muslim territory; these actions were called the movement of Arabicization.<ref>Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqī, ''Al-Fakhrī'', p.123.</ref> | As all Umayyad caliphs emphasized on Arabicization and humiliation of other languages and races, 'Abd al-Malik made huge efforts to appoint Arab administrators so that non-Arabs were dismissed from administrations.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p. 192.</ref> In the first step, Abd al-Malik changed the administrations system and then he Arabicized them. Then he changed the currency of Muslim territory; these actions were called the movement of Arabicization.<ref>Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqī, ''Al-Fakhrī'', p. 123.</ref> | ||
In his rule, Abd al-Malik ordered to train Arab office employees to replace Roman and Iranian ones. One of the problems of the time was the presence of different languages between different classes of society which brought difficulties in sending letters, registering trades as they needed a common language.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'', vol.1, p.467.</ref> This problem brought contradictions and disorder in the administration of the caliphate. As a result, 'Abd al-Malik ordered to Arabicize all the administrations and he himself supervised the process.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'', vol.1, p.303.</ref> After some years Arabic became the official language in Muslim territory replacing other languages in administrations. | In his rule, Abd al-Malik ordered to train Arab office employees to replace Roman and Iranian ones. One of the problems of the time was the presence of different languages between different classes of society which brought difficulties in sending letters, registering trades as they needed a common language.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'', vol. 1, p. 467.</ref> This problem brought contradictions and disorder in the administration of the caliphate. As a result, 'Abd al-Malik ordered to Arabicize all the administrations and he himself supervised the process.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'', vol. 1, p. 303.</ref> After some years Arabic became the official language in Muslim territory replacing other languages in administrations. | ||
==Mintage of Coin== | ==Mintage of Coin== | ||
Abd al-Malik realized the lack of independent currency in Islamic territory which was a subsequent monetary system of other systems including Roman's; he considered it as a disadvantage.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p.237.</ref> In addition, having different currencies plus Iranian and Roman currencies brought disorder in commercial trades. Therefore, he ordered to mint coins in 74/693-4. Also, the Islamic dirham and dinar were minted since 84/703 which was the first independent currency in the Islamic world.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', p.316.</ref> | Abd al-Malik realized the lack of independent currency in Islamic territory which was a subsequent monetary system of other systems including Roman's; he considered it as a disadvantage.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p. 237.</ref> In addition, having different currencies plus Iranian and Roman currencies brought disorder in commercial trades. Therefore, he ordered to mint coins in 74/693-4. Also, the Islamic dirham and dinar were minted since 84/703 which was the first independent currency in the Islamic world.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', p. 316.</ref> | ||
Before the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, Muslims used Romans and Sassanid coins for their commercial trades; commonly Roman's. It is said, 'Abd al-Malik was the first one who ordered to mint Islamic coins. As it is narrated, when Abd al-Malik wrote letters to Roman kings, he started the letters with the names of [[Allah]] and [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] which was criticized by the Roman king, he wrote back to 'Abd Allah and warned him if he continues staring his letters with those names, he would order to mint coins with curse words on Prophet (s) on them. [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint Islamic coins, then he ordered to build mints in 84/703 to coin Islamic dirham and dinar. According to ''[[A'yan al-Shi'a]]'' [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint coins.<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol.1, p.654.</ref> | Before the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, Muslims used Romans and Sassanid coins for their commercial trades; commonly Roman's. It is said, 'Abd al-Malik was the first one who ordered to mint Islamic coins. As it is narrated, when Abd al-Malik wrote letters to Roman kings, he started the letters with the names of [[Allah]] and [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] which was criticized by the Roman king, he wrote back to 'Abd Allah and warned him if he continues staring his letters with those names, he would order to mint coins with curse words on Prophet (s) on them. [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint Islamic coins, then he ordered to build mints in 84/703 to coin Islamic dirham and dinar. According to ''[[A'yan al-Shi'a]]'' [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint coins.<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 654.</ref> | ||
==Treatment of Shi'as== | ==Treatment of Shi'as== | ||
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Appointing [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf]] as the governor of [[Iraq]] is regarded among the most important political and military actions 'Abd al-Malik taken; he was a fierce enemy of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. Defeating [[Zubayrids]] and conquering [[Medina]] made al-Hajjaj a key person to 'Abd al-Malik. Consequently, he was ruling over [[Hijaz]] and later took control over [[Iraq]] and [[Khorasan]] as well. He treated his oppositions and people severely and violently in Iraq which made him notoriously known in historical proverbs and stories. | Appointing [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf]] as the governor of [[Iraq]] is regarded among the most important political and military actions 'Abd al-Malik taken; he was a fierce enemy of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. Defeating [[Zubayrids]] and conquering [[Medina]] made al-Hajjaj a key person to 'Abd al-Malik. Consequently, he was ruling over [[Hijaz]] and later took control over [[Iraq]] and [[Khorasan]] as well. He treated his oppositions and people severely and violently in Iraq which made him notoriously known in historical proverbs and stories. | ||
Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf ruled over [[Kufa]], the capital of Shi'a revolutions, for almost twenty years and killed or imprisoned ten thousands of Shi'as. According to historical reports, When al-Hajjaj wanted to deliver a speech in a mosque, he sat for a while and suddenly stood and said: "People of Iraq, By God, I see heads like ripe fruits which are ready to be cut, and I will cut them; I see blood flouting from turbans and beards."<ref>Ibn al-ʿIbrī, ''Tārīkh mukhtaṣar al-duwal'', p.112.</ref> He treated the people of Iraq and Iran so harshly that the whole area went to silence and all the uprisings were severely punished and suppressed. | Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf ruled over [[Kufa]], the capital of Shi'a revolutions, for almost twenty years and killed or imprisoned ten thousands of Shi'as. According to historical reports, When al-Hajjaj wanted to deliver a speech in a mosque, he sat for a while and suddenly stood and said: "People of Iraq, By God, I see heads like ripe fruits which are ready to be cut, and I will cut them; I see blood flouting from turbans and beards."<ref>Ibn al-ʿIbrī, ''Tārīkh mukhtaṣar al-duwal'', p. 112.</ref> He treated the people of Iraq and Iran so harshly that the whole area went to silence and all the uprisings were severely punished and suppressed. | ||
===Crown Princeship=== | ===Crown Princeship=== | ||
Abd al-Malik followed his fathers' steps in the appointment of the crown prince. He decided to release his brother, 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Marwan from crown prince and asked people to take an oath of allegiance to his sons al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik and Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik as the crown princes. | Abd al-Malik followed his fathers' steps in the appointment of the crown prince. He decided to release his brother, 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Marwan from crown prince and asked people to take an oath of allegiance to his sons al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik and Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik as the crown princes. | ||
Qubaysa b. Dhu'ayb prevented him and said: "Do not take any action which starts a disturbance. Maybe 'Abd al-'Aziz dies and you will get rid of him." One night he informed 'Abd al-Malik of his brother's death. Then 'Abd al-Malik appointed his son, 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Malik as the governor of [[Egypt]] and his other son al-Walid and Sulayman as the crown princes. He sent letters to all the cities and accordingly people took the oath of allegiance to them.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol.5, p.183.</ref> | Qubaysa b. Dhu'ayb prevented him and said: "Do not take any action which starts a disturbance. Maybe 'Abd al-'Aziz dies and you will get rid of him." One night he informed 'Abd al-Malik of his brother's death. Then 'Abd al-Malik appointed his son, 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Malik as the governor of [[Egypt]] and his other son al-Walid and Sulayman as the crown princes. He sent letters to all the cities and accordingly people took the oath of allegiance to them.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 183.</ref> | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
Abd al-Malik b. Marwan eventually died in [[Damascus]] in [[Shawwal 15]], 86/[[October 13]], 705 at the age of 60 or 65.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol.5, p.182.</ref> He ruled for 21 years. | Abd al-Malik b. Marwan eventually died in [[Damascus]] in [[Shawwal 15]], 86/[[October 13]], 705 at the age of 60 or 65.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 182.</ref> He ruled for 21 years. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||