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Abd al-Malik b. Marwan: Difference between revisions
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| Teknonym = Abu l-Walid | | Teknonym = Abu l-Walid | ||
| Epithet = | | Epithet = | ||
| Birth = [[26]]/646 | | Birth = [[26]]/646-7 | ||
| Death = [[86]]/705 | | Death = [[86]]/705 | ||
| Father = [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] | | Father = [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] | ||
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| Dynasty = [[Umayyad]] | | Dynasty = [[Umayyad]] | ||
| Area of Governance = | | Area of Governance = | ||
| Reign = 65/ | | Reign = 65/684-5 | ||
| Contemporary with = [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] | | Contemporary with = [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] | ||
| Capital = Damascus | | Capital = Damascus | ||
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| Successor = [[Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]] | | Successor = [[Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān''' (Arabic:{{ia|عبدالملک بن مروان}}) (b. [[26]]/646 - d. [[86]]/705) was the fifth [[Umayyad]] caliph who came to power in 65/684- | '''ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān''' (Arabic:{{ia|عبدالملک بن مروان}}) (b. [[26]]/646-7 - d. [[86]]/705) was the fifth [[Umayyad]] caliph who came to power in 65/684-5, after the death of his father, [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]]; he ruled for 21 years. At that time Muslims were suffering from a lot of internal issues, also Rome was a constant threat to Muslims. As Abd al-Malik was a capable ruler, he managed to overcome the issues and he suppressed the oppositions by force, tricks, and violence. [[Ka'ba]] was partly destroyed in that time due to local conflicts. He appointed [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] as the governor of [[Kufa]] who put [[Shi'as]] under severe pressure. [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] was living in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's [[caliphate]]. Imam (a) suggested him to mint coins which became the first currency for Muslims. 'Abd al-Malik passed away at the age of 60 or 61, he is buried in [[Damascus]]. | ||
==Birth and Lineage== | ==Birth and Lineage== | ||
Abu l-Walid 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan b. Hakam b. Abi al-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams, the fifth Umayyad caliph was born in [[26]]/646- | Abu l-Walid 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan b. Hakam b. Abi al-'As b. Umayya b. 'Abd Shams, the fifth Umayyad caliph was born in [[26]]/646-7 in [[Medina]], [[Hijaz]]. [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], his father, was an Umayyad caliph and his mother was 'A'isha bt. Mu'awiya b. al-Mughira b. Abi l-'As. 'Abd al-Malik had 17 sons; four of them, al-Walid, Sulayman, Yazid and Hisham, later became caliph as well.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab'', p. 82-89.</ref> | ||
==Characteristics== | ==Characteristics== | ||
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==Beginning of Rule== | ==Beginning of Rule== | ||
When [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] set out for [[Egypt]] in 65/684- | When [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] set out for [[Egypt]] in 65/684-5 to suppress the riots, he appointed 'Abd al-Malik to be a caliph. Marwan passed away in [[Ramadan]] in that year, and people of [[Damascus]] took an oath of allegiance to Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 8, p. 260.</ref> When he came to power, Muslims' territory was in chaos and the Umayyad dynasty was in decline. | ||
==Dealing with Internal and External Threats== | ==Dealing with Internal and External Threats== | ||
In 65/ | In 65/684-5 'Abd al-Malik faced different internal and external threats. | ||
'''Syria''' | '''Syria''' | ||
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Zubayrids became influential in different Islamic territories. [[Iraq]] was ruled by [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] and [[Hijaz]] was ruled by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. Before Abd al-Malik takes any military action against Zubayrids he applied other strategies: | Zubayrids became influential in different Islamic territories. [[Iraq]] was ruled by [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] and [[Hijaz]] was ruled by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. Before Abd al-Malik takes any military action against Zubayrids he applied other strategies: | ||
* 'Abd al-Malik sent letters to commanders of Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr's army in Iraq and encouraged them to join him. As a result of the battle near the Tigris River in 72/691- | * 'Abd al-Malik sent letters to commanders of Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr's army in Iraq and encouraged them to join him. As a result of the battle near the Tigris River in 72/691-2, Abd al-Malik managed to defeat Mus'ab easier. Mus'ab was killed and his army was scattered over the place. Consequently, Zubayrids were not able to stand against 'Abd al-Malik any more in [[Iraq]]. | ||
* 'Abd al-Malik also did not allow people of Syria to travel to [[Mecca]] to perform [[hajj]] rituals, as they were influenced by propaganda spread by Zubayrids. According to [[al-Ya'qubi]]: "People complained about the prohibition of performing hajj rituals, and 'Abd al-Malik replied, as Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri narrated from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], you should go on a pilgrimage on three mosques, [[al-Masjid al-Haram]], [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], and [[al-Masjid al-Aqsa]]. Today al-Masjid al-Aqsa is equally important as al-Masjid al-Haram. [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]] also narrated: "The rock where Jews sacrificed on, is the rock where Prophet Muhammad (s) ascended to [[heaven]] in the night of [[Mi'raj]]." 'Abd al-Malik also ordered to build a dome on that rock and they provided curtains on it and assigned servants for the place. They told people to perform hajj rituals there, which continued in the Umayyad era. | * 'Abd al-Malik also did not allow people of Syria to travel to [[Mecca]] to perform [[hajj]] rituals, as they were influenced by propaganda spread by Zubayrids. According to [[al-Ya'qubi]]: "People complained about the prohibition of performing hajj rituals, and 'Abd al-Malik replied, as Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri narrated from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], you should go on a pilgrimage on three mosques, [[al-Masjid al-Haram]], [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], and [[al-Masjid al-Aqsa]]. Today al-Masjid al-Aqsa is equally important as al-Masjid al-Haram. [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]] also narrated: "The rock where Jews sacrificed on, is the rock where Prophet Muhammad (s) ascended to [[heaven]] in the night of [[Mi'raj]]." 'Abd al-Malik also ordered to build a dome on that rock and they provided curtains on it and assigned servants for the place. They told people to perform hajj rituals there, which continued in the Umayyad era. | ||
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Sufriyya Kharijites, led by [[Salih b. Masrah]] attacked [[Kufa]] from north of [[Mosul]]. After years of conflicts and battles, they were defeated and suppressed by al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 8, p. 8.</ref> | Sufriyya Kharijites, led by [[Salih b. Masrah]] attacked [[Kufa]] from north of [[Mosul]]. After years of conflicts and battles, they were defeated and suppressed by al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 8, p. 8.</ref> | ||
Najd b. 'Amir al-Hanafi also led a group of Kharijites, they moved to [[Bahrain]] and its neighbouring regions in 65/684- | Najd b. 'Amir al-Hanafi also led a group of Kharijites, they moved to [[Bahrain]] and its neighbouring regions in 65/684-5 where they started to attack [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] and 'Abd al-Malik. They were eventually surrounded and suppressed by 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 7, p. 462.</ref> | ||
'''Borderlines''' | '''Borderlines''' | ||
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In the early days of 'Abd al-Malik's [[caliphate]], the king of Roma broke the peace treaty with Muslims and attacked Muslims' territory.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 150.</ref> 'Abd al-Malik realized the danger of Romans and decided to pay tax to them; he promised to pay a thousand Dinar every week.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 150.</ref> However, when 'Abd al-Malik managed to suppress internal disputes and uprisings, he launched an attack on the Roman Empire and conquered large parts of their territories, as a result, the peace treaty was violated.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p. 188.</ref> | In the early days of 'Abd al-Malik's [[caliphate]], the king of Roma broke the peace treaty with Muslims and attacked Muslims' territory.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 150.</ref> 'Abd al-Malik realized the danger of Romans and decided to pay tax to them; he promised to pay a thousand Dinar every week.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 150.</ref> However, when 'Abd al-Malik managed to suppress internal disputes and uprisings, he launched an attack on the Roman Empire and conquered large parts of their territories, as a result, the peace treaty was violated.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p. 188.</ref> | ||
Expanding Muslims territory in Africa became a political strategy in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's rule. In 65/ | Expanding Muslims territory in Africa became a political strategy in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's rule. In 65/684-5 'Abd al-Malik sent an army led by al-Zuhayr b. Qays al-Balawi to Africa. Al-Zuhayr managed to break the alliance between Berbers and Roman Emperor but he was killed in the battle against the Romans. | ||
In 74/693- | In 74/693-4, Abd al-Malik appointed al-Hasan b. al-Nu'man al-Ghassani as the governor of Muslims' territory in Africa. He conquered the northern regions of Africa and defeated the Romans who took control of those regions. Ibn al-Nu'man recaptured Carthage from Romans and Berber and expanded his territory up to the Atlas Mountains. | ||
But Romans brought new enforcement and conquered Carthage again when Ibn al-Nu'man was not there. But he returned and defeated Brisance (Tiberius III) which accordingly all Romans left Africa except for Ceuta. | But Romans brought new enforcement and conquered Carthage again when Ibn al-Nu'man was not there. But he returned and defeated Brisance (Tiberius III) which accordingly all Romans left Africa except for Ceuta. | ||
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==Mintage of Coin== | ==Mintage of Coin== | ||
Abd al-Malik realized the lack of independent currency in Islamic territory which was a subsequent monetary system of other systems including Roman's; he considered it as a disadvantage.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p. 237.</ref> In addition, having different currencies plus Iranian and Roman currencies brought disorder in commercial trades. Therefore, he ordered to mint coins in 74/693-4. Also, the Islamic dirham and dinar were minted since 84/703 which was the first independent currency in the Islamic world.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', p. 316.</ref> | Abd al-Malik realized the lack of independent currency in Islamic territory which was a subsequent monetary system of other systems including Roman's; he considered it as a disadvantage.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Futūḥ al-buldān'', p. 237.</ref> In addition, having different currencies plus Iranian and Roman currencies brought disorder in commercial trades. Therefore, he ordered to mint coins in 74/693-4. Also, the Islamic dirham and dinar were minted since 84/703-4 which was the first independent currency in the Islamic world.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', p. 316.</ref> | ||
Before the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, Muslims used Romans and Sassanid coins for their commercial trades; commonly Roman's. It is said, 'Abd al-Malik was the first one who ordered to mint Islamic coins. As it is narrated, when Abd al-Malik wrote letters to Roman kings, he started the letters with the names of [[Allah]] and [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] which was criticized by the Roman king, he wrote back to 'Abd Allah and warned him if he continues staring his letters with those names, he would order to mint coins with curse words on Prophet (s) on them. [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint Islamic coins, then he ordered to build mints in 84/703 to coin Islamic dirham and dinar. According to ''[[A'yan al-Shi'a]]'' [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint coins.<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 654.</ref> | Before the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, Muslims used Romans and Sassanid coins for their commercial trades; commonly Roman's. It is said, 'Abd al-Malik was the first one who ordered to mint Islamic coins. As it is narrated, when Abd al-Malik wrote letters to Roman kings, he started the letters with the names of [[Allah]] and [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] which was criticized by the Roman king, he wrote back to 'Abd Allah and warned him if he continues staring his letters with those names, he would order to mint coins with curse words on Prophet (s) on them. [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint Islamic coins, then he ordered to build mints in 84/703-4 to coin Islamic dirham and dinar. According to ''[[A'yan al-Shi'a]]'' [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint coins.<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 654.</ref> | ||
==Treatment of Shi'as== | ==Treatment of Shi'as== | ||
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==Death== | ==Death== | ||
Abd al-Malik b. Marwan eventually died in [[Damascus]] in [[Shawwal 15]], 86/[[October | Abd al-Malik b. Marwan eventually died in [[Damascus]] in [[Shawwal 15]], 86/[[October 9]], 705 at the age of 60 or 65.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 182.</ref> He ruled for 21 years. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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