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Allegiance of Women: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
According to historical reports, women were present in the [[Pledge of 'Aqaba#Second_Pledge_of_al-.27Aqaba|second pledge of al-'Aqaba]] 13 years after [[Bi'that]]. A number of historical reports mentioned that women of [[Mecca]] also took oath of [[allegiance]] to Prophet Muhammad (s). After the [[migration]] of Prophet (s) to [[Medina]], they came to visit him in groups, or individually at times, to take oath of allegiance, and Prophet (s) sent one of his representatives to make the pledge. In addition, women took oath of allegiance alongside men in special occasions. In [[Bay'at al-Ridwan]], a number of Muslim women including [[Umm Salama]], Prophet Muhammad's (s) wife, [[Umm 'Umara]], Umm Muni' and Umm 'Amir Ashhaliyya were present. | [[Bay'a]] means accepting and agreeing to a pledge or leadership of someone which conveys the meaning of loyalty and obedience.<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', under the word "Bay'a".</ref> It was an important costume in pre-Islamic time in [[Hijaz]] among Arabs, which was accepted by [[Islam]]. Women did not play a crucial role in pledges and important affairs in [[Jahiliyya era]]. | ||
According to historical reports, women were present in the [[Pledge of 'Aqaba#Second_Pledge_of_al-.27Aqaba|second pledge of al-'Aqaba]] 13 years after [[Bi'that]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol.1,p.441; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr'', vol.8, p. 303.</ref> A number of historical reports mentioned that women of [[Mecca]] also took oath of [[allegiance]] to Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr'', vol. 8, p. 183; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 4, p. 1800; Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 6, p. 48; Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam'', vol. 5, p. 180.</ref> After the [[migration]] of Prophet (s) to [[Medina]], they came to visit him in groups,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr'', vol. 8, p. 8; Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 69, p. 49.</ref> or individually at times,<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 69, p. 50.</ref> to take oath of allegiance, and Prophet (s) sent one of his representatives to make the pledge.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr'', vol. 8, p. 4; Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 6, p. 209; Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, ''Musnad Aḥmad'', vol. 6, p. 409.</ref> In addition, women took oath of allegiance alongside men in special occasions. In [[Bay'at al-Ridwan]], a number of Muslim women including [[Umm Salama]], Prophet Muhammad's (s) wife, [[Umm 'Umara]], Umm Muni' and Umm 'Amir Ashhaliyya were present.<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 1, p. 276; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 574.</ref> | |||
==The Time of Pledge== | ==The Time of Pledge== | ||
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A number of wives of Prophet Muhammad (s) and [[Lady Fatima (a)]], his daughter, [[Umm Hani]], the daughter of [[Abu Talib]], attended this pledge.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 850.</ref> According to [[Ibn Abi al-Hadid]], [[Fatima bint Asad]] was the first woman to pledge allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 14.</ref> | A number of wives of Prophet Muhammad (s) and [[Lady Fatima (a)]], his daughter, [[Umm Hani]], the daughter of [[Abu Talib]], attended this pledge.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 850.</ref> According to [[Ibn Abi al-Hadid]], [[Fatima bint Asad]] was the first woman to pledge allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 1, p. 14.</ref> | ||
It is important to notice [[Hind]], [[Abu Sufyan]]'s wife, secretly attended the pledge; she opposed Prophet Muhammad (s) and mutilated [[Hamza]]'s body in the past. She attended the pledge to save her life as she was afraid of revenges against her. However she opposed some terms of the pledge and her identity was revealed, but the Prophet forgave her and refused to punish her.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 61-62; Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 28, p. 51; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 4, p. 319.</ref> | It is important to notice [[Hind]], [[Abu Sufyan]]'s wife, secretly attended the pledge; she opposed Prophet Muhammad (s) and mutilated [[Hamza]]'s body in the past. She attended the pledge to save her life as she was afraid of revenges against her. However she opposed some terms of the pledge and her identity was revealed, but the Prophet (s) forgave her and refused to punish her.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 61-62; Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 28, p. 51; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 4, p. 319.</ref> | ||
==Situations== | ==Situations== | ||
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* [[Pledge of al-Ridwan]] | * [[Pledge of al-Ridwan]] | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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* Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. ''Tafsīr al-kashshāf''. Qom: Balāghat, 1415 AH. | * Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. ''Tafsīr al-kashshāf''. Qom: Balāghat, 1415 AH. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
{{Women in the Qur'an}} | {{Women in the Qur'an}} | ||
[[fa:بیعت نساء]] | [[fa:بیعت نساء]] | ||
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