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Ulu l-'Azm: Difference between revisions
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'''Ulu l-ʿAzm''' (Arabic: {{ia|أولو العَزم}}, literally: the determined or steadfast) refers to a group of [[prophets]]. The term has occurred once in the [[Qur'an]], [[Sura al-Ahqaf]], verse 35. Different views have been proposed about the instances of "Ulu l-'Azm" prophets and whether they have a global mission or a more local one. It is widely held that the term refers to the five prophets who had their own [[sharia]]: [[Nuh(a)]] (Noah), [[Ibrahim (a)]] (Abraham, [[Musa (a)]] (Moses), [['Isa (a)]] (Jesus), and [[Muhammad (s)]]. | '''Ulu l-ʿAzm''' (Arabic: {{ia|أولو العَزم}}, literally: the determined or steadfast) refers to a group of [[prophets]]. The term has occurred once in the [[Qur'an]], [[Sura al-Ahqaf]], verse 35. Different views have been proposed about the instances of "Ulu l-'Azm" prophets and whether they have a global mission or a more local one. It is widely held that the term refers to the five prophets who had their own [[sharia]]: [[Nuh (a)]] (Noah), [[Ibrahim (a)]] (Abraham, [[Musa (a)]] (Moses), [['Isa (a)]] (Jesus), and [[Muhammad (s)]]. | ||
==The Notion== | ==The Notion== | ||
"Ulu" means possessors or owners, and "'Azm" means steadfastness or strong will. In his ''al-Mufradat'', al-Raghib al-Isfahani says: "'Azm" means the determination to do something. three views have been proposed as to the meaning of "Ulu l-'Azm" and the prophets to whom the term refers: | "Ulu" means possessors or owners, and "'Azm" means steadfastness or strong will. In his ''[[al-Mufradat (book)|al-Mufradat]]'', al-Raghib al-Isfahani says: "'Azm" means the determination to do something. three views have been proposed as to the meaning of "Ulu l-'Azm" and the prophets to whom the term refers: | ||
* '''Patients''': some people take "'Azm" to mean patience (or steadfastness), and thus, they believe that "Ulu l-'Azm" prophets are called so because they were patient in the face of difficulties and troubles on their way to propagate divine rulings. The view might be supported by the Verse of Ulu l-'Azm because in this verse, patience is referred to as a prominent characteristic of these prophets. | * '''Patients''': some people take "'Azm" to mean patience (or steadfastness), and thus, they believe that "Ulu l-'Azm" prophets are called so because they were patient in the face of difficulties and troubles on their way to propagate divine rulings. The view might be supported by the Verse of Ulu l-'Azm because in this verse, patience is referred to as a prominent characteristic of these prophets. | ||
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* All the prophets: some exegetes believe that all prophets are characterized by patience, steadfastness, and divine test, and thus, all of them were Ulu l-'Azm. | * All the prophets: some exegetes believe that all prophets are characterized by patience, steadfastness, and divine test, and thus, all of them were Ulu l-'Azm. | ||
* Some prophets: the majority of exegetes maintain that only a specific number of prophets count as Ulu l-'Azm. Some of them take Ulu l-'Azm to refer to the 18 prophets mentioned in verse 82-90 of [[Sura al-An'am]]. After mentioning them, God says: "therefore follow their guidance". Other exegetes appeal to some [[hadiths]] to restrict the number of Ulu l-'Azm prophets to 9, and others to 6 or 7. [['Allama Tabataba'i]] and other exegetes take Ulu l-'Azm prophets to be the five prophets who brought new sharias, that is, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. They believe that there are [[mustafid]] hadiths supporting this view. However, others believe that the number of these hadiths is not such that they count as [[mutawatir]], and thus, they are not decisive, and Quranic verses do not decisively imply that prophets with new sharias were restricted to these five. | * Some prophets: the majority of exegetes maintain that only a specific number of prophets count as Ulu l-'Azm. Some of them take Ulu l-'Azm to refer to the 18 prophets mentioned in verse 82-90 of [[Sura al-An'am]]. After mentioning them, God says: "therefore follow their guidance". Other exegetes appeal to some [[hadiths]] to restrict the number of Ulu l-'Azm prophets to 9, and others to 6 or 7. [['Allama Tabataba'i]] and other exegetes take Ulu l-'Azm prophets to be the five prophets who brought new sharias, that is, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad peace be upon them. They believe that there are [[mustafid]] hadiths supporting this view. However, others believe that the number of these hadiths is not such that they count as [[mutawatir]], and thus, they are not decisive, and Quranic verses do not decisively imply that prophets with new sharias were restricted to these five. | ||
==Ulu l-'Azm Prophets and the Global Mission== | ==Ulu l-'Azm Prophets and the Global Mission== | ||