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 '''Al-Marjaʿīyya al-Dīnīyya''' (Arabic: {{ia|المَرجَعیّة الدینیة}}, literally: religious authority) or '''Marjaʿ''' (Arabic: {{ia|مرجع}}) is a [[mujtahid]] whose [[fatwa]]s about [[Fiqh|jurisprudential]] issues are followed and acted upon by some [[Shi'a]]s and who receives [[al-wujuhat al-shar'iyya]] (judicial alms) from his followers. Al-Marja'iyya is the highest religious ranking for [[Twelver Shi'a]]s. The position is not held by appointment. The Shi'as usually make inquiries about the person who qualifies as an authority by consulting with religious scholars and clergies. The most crucial condition for qualifying for al-Marja'iyya is [[a'lamiyya|scholarly superiority]] to other mujtahids. The followers of al-Marja'iyya are called his "Muqallids" (followers). Jurisprudential views of al-Marja'iyya are usually collected in a book known as [[al-Risalat al-'Amaliyya]] (book of fatwas).
-Given the geographical distribution of the [[Shiite]] population, several mujtahids usually undertake the position of Marja'iyya in each period, and in very few cases, one mujtahid is considered by the majority of the Shi'as in the world as the absolute authority. These mujtahids are usually referred to by honorary titles, such as Grand Ayatollah and [[Ayatollah]]. Most of the Shiite authorities were based in [[Iraq]] ([[Najaf]], [[Karbala]], and [[Samarra]]) and [[Iran]] ([[Qom]], [[Mashhad]], [[Isfahan]], and [[Tehran]]).
+Given the demographic, several mujtahids usually undertake the position of Marja'iyya in each period, and in very few cases, one mujtahid is considered by the majority of the Shi'as in the world as the absolute authority. These mujtahids are usually referred to by honorary titles, such as Grand Ayatollah and [[Ayatollah]]. Most of the Shiite authorities were based in [[Iraq]] ([[Najaf]], [[Karbala]], and [[Samarra]]) and [[Iran]] ([[Qom]], [[Mashhad]], [[Isfahan]], and [[Tehran]]).
 The most prominent recent Shiite authorities were [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]] known as the author of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'', [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]] (who issued the fatwa of [[Tobacco Movement|prohibition of tobacco]]), [[Akhund Khurasani]], [[Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi]], [[Sayyid Muhsin Hakim]], and [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khumayni]] (the founder of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]]).
-Shiite authorities have usually had a strong influence on people, and sometimes their views or statements about social, political, and cultural issues have led to movements among their followers. The [[Russo-Persian War]], the [[Tobacco Movement]], [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]], [[1920 Iraqi Revolt]] (Thawrat al-'Ishrin), and the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]] can be considered as the most important results of the influences of the Shiite authorities.
+Shiite authorities have usually had a strong influence on people, and sometimes their views or statements about social, political, and cultural issues have led to movements among their followers. The [[Russo-Persian War]], the [[Tobacco Movement]], [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]], [[1920 Iraqi Revolt]] (Thawrat al-'Ishrin), and the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]] are historical events that were developed under the influence of Shiite authorities.
 ==Marja'iyya==