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Mecca: Difference between revisions
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Mecca has been famous for different names throughout history and some of them were mentioned in the Holy [[Quran]]: | Mecca has been famous for different names throughout history and some of them were mentioned in the Holy [[Quran]]: | ||
* Bakka: Undoubtedly the first House for the worship of Allah ever built for mankind is the at Bakka (Makka), a blessed site and a guidance for all the worlds.<ref>Qur'an 3:96</ref> | * '''Bakka:''' Undoubtedly the first House for the worship of Allah ever built for mankind is the at Bakka (Makka), a blessed site and a guidance for all the worlds.<ref>''Qur'an 3:96''</ref> | ||
* Balad al-Amin: Consider the fig and the olive, and Mount Sinai, and this land secure!.<ref>Qur'an 95:1-3</ref> | * '''Balad al-Amin:''' Consider the fig and the olive, and Mount Sinai, and this land secure!.<ref>''Qur'an 95:1-3''</ref> | ||
* Umm al-Qura: … may warn the people living in the Mother City (Makka) and those who live around her.<ref>Qur'an 6:92</ref> | * '''Umm al-Qura:''' … may warn the people living in the Mother City (Makka) and those who live around her.<ref>''Qur'an 6:92''</ref> | ||
* Al-Balad al-Haram.<ref>Jaʿfarī, "Nām-hā-yi shahr-i Makka", p. 205-222</ref> | * '''Al-Balad al-Haram.'''<ref>Jaʿfarī, "Nām-hā-yi shahr-i Makka", p. 205-222</ref> | ||
==General Information== | ==General Information== | ||
===Geographical Location=== | ===Geographical Location=== | ||
Mecca is the most important and holiest city in [[Hijaz]]. This city is located 80 km from the Red Sea at 21.3891˚ N, 39.8579˚. It is at a height of 330 meters above the sea level.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', | Mecca is the most important and holiest city in [[Hijaz]]. This city is located 80 km from the Red Sea at 21.3891˚ N, 39.8579˚. It is at a height of 330 meters above the sea level.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', 1384 Sh, p. 32-33.</ref> | ||
===Economy=== | ===Economy=== | ||
Before the emergence of Islam, Mecca was important for having Ka'ba and for being on the way of merchants who traveled from from [[Yemen]] to [[Syria]], [[Palestine]] and [[Egypt]]; they did trades in Mecca. Although [[Quraysh]] were conducting their trades only in Mecca,<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh Yaʿqūbī'', 1988, p. 242</ref> [[Hashim b. 'Abd Manaf]] started developing trading with regions around Mecca. Hashim and his brother, 'Abd Shams and Nawfal managed to attain permission for doing trades from the rulers of Syria, Yemen, [[Abyssinia]] and [[Iraq]]. Then Mecca turned into a prominent trading city.<ref>Jawād ʿAlī, ''al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām'', 1970, p. 21; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh Yaʿqūbī'', 1988, p. 242; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', 1968, vol. 2, p. 251-252</ref> Quraysh merchants gathered around mostly in a market called 'Akkaz near [['Arafat]] during [[Dhu l-Qa'da]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Rawāʾiʿ al-turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 1, p. 382. Qazwīnī, ''Athār al-bilād wa akhbār al-ʿibād'', Dār Ṣādir, p. 85</ref> | Before the emergence of Islam, Mecca was important for having Ka'ba and for being on the way of merchants who traveled from from [[Yemen]] to [[Syria]], [[Palestine]] and [[Egypt]]; they did trades in Mecca. Although [[Quraysh]] were conducting their trades only in Mecca,<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh Yaʿqūbī'', 1988, p. 242.</ref> [[Hashim b. 'Abd Manaf]] started developing trading with regions around Mecca. Hashim and his brother, 'Abd Shams and Nawfal managed to attain permission for doing trades from the rulers of Syria, Yemen, [[Abyssinia]] and [[Iraq]]. Then Mecca turned into a prominent trading city.<ref>Jawād ʿAlī, ''al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām'', 1970, p. 21; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh Yaʿqūbī'', 1988, p. 242; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', 1968, vol. 2, p. 251-252.</ref> Quraysh merchants gathered around mostly in a market called 'Akkaz near [['Arafat]] during [[Dhu l-Qa'da]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Rawāʾiʿ al-turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 1, p. 382. Qazwīnī, ''Athār al-bilād wa akhbār al-ʿibād'', Dār Ṣādir, p. 85.</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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According to narrations, the significant religious events before the emergence of Islam in Mecca were: | According to narrations, the significant religious events before the emergence of Islam in Mecca were: | ||
* '''Building Ka'ba:''' Prophet [[Ibrahim]] (a), following the order of God, built [[Ka'ba]] with the help of his son, [[Isma'il]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', 1407AH, vol. 1, p. 81-82; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', 1997, vol. 1, p. 378; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', 1968, vol. 2, p. 251</ref> However there are different narrations on the first time that Ka'ba was built, some stated that Ka'ba was built even before the creation of [[Adam (a)]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Rawāʾiʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 1, p. 68</ref> | * '''Building Ka'ba:''' Prophet [[Ibrahim]] (a), following the order of God, built [[Ka'ba]] with the help of his son, [[Isma'il]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', 1407AH, vol. 1, p. 81-82; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', 1997, vol. 1, p. 378; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', 1968, vol. 2, p. 251.</ref> However there are different narrations on the first time that Ka'ba was built, some stated that Ka'ba was built even before the creation of [[Adam (a)]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Rawāʾiʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 1, p. 68.</ref> | ||
* '''Abraha's Raid:''' Abraha the ruler of [[Yemen]], attacked Mecca in order to destroy Ka'ba in 571 with an army of elephants. But when they arrived near Mecca birds came from the sky and dropped stones on their heads and perished their troops.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', | * '''Abraha's Raid:''' Abraha the ruler of [[Yemen]], attacked Mecca in order to destroy Ka'ba in 571 with an army of elephants. But when they arrived near Mecca birds came from the sky and dropped stones on their heads and perished their troops.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 342-345.</ref> | ||
* '''Birth of Prophet Muhammad (s):''' [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] was born on 17th or 12th of [[Rabi' I]] in the first year of [[Am al-Fil]] (569 or 570) in Mecca.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', | * '''Birth of Prophet Muhammad (s):''' [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] was born on 17th or 12th of [[Rabi' I]] in the first year of [[Am al-Fil]] (569 or 570) in Mecca.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', 1390 Sh, p. 37; Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', 1378 Sh, p. 43.</ref> | ||
* '''Birth of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) inside Ka'ba:''' [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] was born on Friday, 13th of [[Rajab]] in 30th year of 'Am al-Fil in Ka'ba. He is the only person who was born inside Ka'ba;<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', 1416 AH, vol. 1, p. 5</ref> this narrations is also stated in a number of [[Sunni]] sources. Based on ''al-Mustadrak 'ala al-sahihayn'' considering [[Mutawatir]] narrations, 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was born inside Ka'ba by [[Fatima bt. Asad]].<ref> | * '''Birth of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) inside Ka'ba:''' [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] was born on Friday, 13th of [[Rajab]] in 30th year of 'Am al-Fil in Ka'ba. He is the only person who was born inside Ka'ba;<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', 1416 AH, vol. 1, p. 5</ref> this narrations is also stated in a number of [[Sunni]] sources. Based on ''al-Mustadrak 'ala al-sahihayn'' considering [[Mutawatir]] narrations, 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was born inside Ka'ba by [[Fatima bt. Asad]].<ref>Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, al-Mustadrak ʿala l-ṣaḥīḥayn'', vol. 3, p. 593.</ref> | ||
===In Islamic Era=== | ===In Islamic Era=== | ||
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===Mosques=== | ===Mosques=== | ||
* [[Al-Khayf Mosque]]: According to narrations [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] gave his speech in [[Hajjat al-Wida']] in this mosque. [[Shiite Imams]] have mentioned high rewards for praying in al-Khayf Mosque.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 519.</ref> | * '''[[Al-Khayf Mosque]]:''' According to narrations [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] gave his speech in [[Hajjat al-Wida']] in this mosque. [[Shiite Imams]] have mentioned high rewards for praying in al-Khayf Mosque.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 519.</ref> | ||
* Masjid al-Nahr: It is located in [[Mina]], where God sent a lamb for Ibrahim (a) to sacrifice instead of Isma'il.<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 6, p. 28.</ref> | * '''Masjid al-Nahr:''' It is located in [[Mina]], where God sent a lamb for Ibrahim (a) to sacrifice instead of Isma'il.<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 6, p. 28.</ref> | ||
* Masjid al-Bay'a or Masjid al-Ghanam: The first oath of allegiance of new Muslims of [[Yathrib]] (Medina) to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in [['Aqaba]] took place here.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i Islāmī Makka wa Madīna'', p. 142-144.</ref> | * '''Masjid al-Bay'a or Masjid al-Ghanam:''' The first oath of allegiance of new Muslims of [[Yathrib]] (Medina) to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in [['Aqaba]] took place here.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i Islāmī Makka wa Madīna'', p. 142-144.</ref> | ||
* [[Masjid al-Shajara]]: [[Pledge of al-Ridwan]] in the time of [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]] was made here. | * '''[[Masjid al-Shajara]]:''' [[Pledge of al-Ridwan]] in the time of [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]] was made here. | ||
* [[Masjid of Ghadir Khumm]]: Prophet Muhammad (s) introduced [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] as his vicegerent and people's guardian after himself. | * '''[[Masjid of Ghadir Khumm]]:''' Prophet Muhammad (s) introduced [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] as his vicegerent and people's guardian after himself. | ||
{{cb|3}} | {{cb|3}} | ||
* Tan'im Mosque | * Tan'im Mosque | ||
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[[Masjid al-Shajara]]: It is located 10 km from [[Medina]] and is the Miqat of Hajj pilgrims from Medina and those who go to Mecca from Medina. | [[Masjid al-Shajara]]: It is located 10 km from [[Medina]] and is the Miqat of Hajj pilgrims from Medina and those who go to Mecca from Medina. | ||
[[Al-Juhfah]]: it is the miqat of pilgrims from [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and Maghreb and those who go to Mecca from these routes. | * '''[[Al-Juhfah]]:''' it is the miqat of pilgrims from [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and Maghreb and those who go to Mecca from these routes. | ||
[[Wadi 'Aqiq]]: it is the miqat of pilgrims from [[Iraq]], Najd and those who go to Mecca from this route. | * '''[[Wadi 'Aqiq]]:''' it is the miqat of pilgrims from [[Iraq]], Najd and those who go to Mecca from this route. | ||
[[Qarn al-Manazil]]: It is the miqat of pilgrims from [[Yemen]] and [[Ta'if]]. | * '''[[Qarn al-Manazil]]:''' It is the miqat of pilgrims from [[Yemen]] and [[Ta'if]]. | ||
[[Yalamlam]]: According to narrations, Yalamlam is the last miqat for pilgrims from Yemen and those who go to Mecca from this route.<ref>Khoeī, ''Manāsik al-ḥajj'', vol. 1, p. 72-73.</ref> | * '''[[Yalamlam]]:''' According to narrations, Yalamlam is the last miqat for pilgrims from Yemen and those who go to Mecca from this route.<ref>Khoeī, ''Manāsik al-ḥajj'', vol. 1, p. 72-73.</ref> | ||
==Religious and Historical Sites== | ==Religious and Historical Sites== | ||
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===Important Mountains=== | ===Important Mountains=== | ||
[[File:كوه حراء.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Jabal al-Nur]] | [[File:كوه حراء.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Jabal al-Nur]] | ||
* [[Mount Abu Qubays]]: Its height is 420 meters and it is located on the northeast of [[Masjid al-Haram]]. As it is near [[Ka'ba]], according to narrations Abu Qubays Mountain is regarded holy. It is said that in the time of Prophet [[Nuh]] when the storm erupted, the [[Hajar al-Aswad]] was safely protected by the Mount of Abu Qubays which is the reason that this mountain is called Amin (custodian). The first public declaration of Islam by Prophet Muhammad (s) was made on this mountain as well.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 110.</ref> [[Mount Safa]] which is the beginning point of [[Sa'y]] is on the hillside of this mountain. | * '''[[Mount Abu Qubays]]:''' Its height is 420 meters and it is located on the northeast of [[Masjid al-Haram]]. As it is near [[Ka'ba]], according to narrations Abu Qubays Mountain is regarded holy. It is said that in the time of Prophet [[Nuh]] when the storm erupted, the [[Hajar al-Aswad]] was safely protected by the Mount of Abu Qubays which is the reason that this mountain is called Amin (custodian). The first public declaration of Islam by Prophet Muhammad (s) was made on this mountain as well.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 110.</ref> [[Mount Safa]] which is the beginning point of [[Sa'y]] is on the hillside of this mountain. | ||
* [[Jabal al-Nur]] or Hira': It is located four km on the northeast of Mecca and next to the road of [[Mina]] to [['Arafat]]. Its height is 634 meters. [[Mount Hira'|Hira' Cave]] is located on the top of this mountain where Prophet Muhammad (s) was worshiping in [[Ramadan]] months before [[Bi'tha]]. During that time [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] accompanied Prophet (s) as well.<ref>[https://hawzah.net/fa/Article/View/4205/حضرت-علی(ع)-در-غار-حرا Imam Ali (a) in Hira (Persian)]</ref> The first verses of the [[Quran]] was revealed to Prophet (s) in Hira' Cave.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 108.</ref> | * '''[[Jabal al-Nur]] or Hira':''' It is located four km on the northeast of Mecca and next to the road of [[Mina]] to [['Arafat]]. Its height is 634 meters. [[Mount Hira'|Hira' Cave]] is located on the top of this mountain where Prophet Muhammad (s) was worshiping in [[Ramadan]] months before [[Bi'tha]]. During that time [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] accompanied Prophet (s) as well.<ref>[https://hawzah.net/fa/Article/View/4205/حضرت-علی(ع)-در-غار-حرا Imam Ali (a) in Hira (Persian)]</ref> The first verses of the [[Quran]] was revealed to Prophet (s) in Hira' Cave.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 108.</ref> | ||
* [[Mount Thawr]]: Its height is 759 meter and it is located three km on the south of Mecca. When Prophet Muhammad (s) planned to Immigrate to [[Medina]], he sought shelter in a cave in the [[Mount Thawr]] from the polytheists who were looking for him.<ref>Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 80-83.</ref> | * '''[[Mount Thawr]]:''' Its height is 759 meter and it is located three km on the south of Mecca. When Prophet Muhammad (s) planned to Immigrate to [[Medina]], he sought shelter in a cave in the [[Mount Thawr]] from the polytheists who were looking for him.<ref>Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 80-83.</ref> | ||
* [[Shi'b of Abi Talib]]: Today it is called Shi'b or valley of 'Ali (a) as well.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 113-114.</ref> Muslims escaped from the tyrannies and prosecutions of polytheists to this valley and stayed there for three years.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 375-376.</ref> | * '''[[Shi'b of Abi Talib]]:''' Today it is called Shi'b or valley of 'Ali (a) as well.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 113-114.</ref> Muslims escaped from the tyrannies and prosecutions of polytheists to this valley and stayed there for three years.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 375-376.</ref> | ||
==The Situation of Shi'ite Muslims in Mecca== | ==The Situation of Shi'ite Muslims in Mecca== | ||
[[File:شیخ بدر الطالب روحانی معترض شیعه در مکه.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Shaykh Badr al-Talib]] | [[File:شیخ بدر الطالب روحانی معترض شیعه در مکه.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Shaykh Badr al-Talib]] | ||
Appearance of the local autonomous Shi'ite rule of Banu al-Hasan over Mecca perfectly shows the situation of Shi'ism in this city.<ref>R. MORTEL, ''Zaydi shiism and the Hasanid Sharifs of Mecca'', p. 455-472.</ref> In 10/631. Mecca was the center of Shi'ism as [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] stated that his purpose in writing ''al-Sawa'iq al-muhrriqa'' was expansion and growth of Shi'ite Muslims in Mecca.<ref>Marco Salati, ''Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ dar Makka'', p. 66.</ref> Ibn Jubayr (b. 540/1145 - d. 614/1217) stated in his travel account that in his journey to Mecca, the Emir of the city declared the start of [[Ramadan]] month based on religious rules of Alavi Shi'ites.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Tadhkīr bi akhbār an ittifāqāt al-amṣār'', p. 187.</ref> He has also stated that a special place was given to [[Zaydiyya]] Shi'ites in [[Masjid al-Haram]] for performing [[congregational prayers]]. Ibn Jubayr also called Sharifs of Mecca Zaydiyya who recited the verse "Hayya 'ala Khayr al-'Amal" in their [[Adhan]].<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Tadhkīr bi akhbār an ittifāqāt al-amṣār'', p. 138, 139, 140.</ref> Some travel accounts stated that the influence of Shi'ites declined in the next centuries in Mecca. Muhammad Husayn Farahani who performed [[Hajj]] in 1302/1885 said that the number of Shi'ite Muslims in mecca were very few who mostly worked as guides for Hajj pilgrims.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Panjāh safarnāma-yi ḥajj-i qajārī'', vol. 5, p. 203.</ref> Ayazkhan Qashqai who visited Mecca in 1341/1923 stated that Shi'ites did not need to exercise [[Taqiyya]] in order to perform their religious rituals in [[Jeddah]], Mecca and [[Medina]]; they could freely express their religious affiliation as well.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Panjāh safarnāma-yi ḥajj-i qajārī'', vol. 5, p. 395, 409.</ref> | Appearance of the local autonomous Shi'ite rule of Banu al-Hasan over Mecca perfectly shows the situation of Shi'ism in this city.<ref>R. MORTEL, ''Zaydi shiism and the Hasanid Sharifs of Mecca'', p. 455-472.</ref> In 10/631. Mecca was the center of Shi'ism as [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] stated that his purpose in writing ''al-Sawa'iq al-muhrriqa'' was expansion and growth of Shi'ite Muslims in Mecca.<ref>Marco Salati, ''Tārīkh-i tashayyuʿ dar Makka'', p. 66.</ref> Ibn Jubayr (b. 540/1145 - d. 614/1217) stated in his travel account that in his journey to Mecca, the Emir of the city declared the start of [[Ramadan]] month based on religious rules of Alavi Shi'ites.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Tadhkīr bi akhbār an ittifāqāt al-amṣār'', p. 187.</ref> He has also stated that a special place was given to [[Zaydiyya]] Shi'ites in [[Masjid al-Haram]] for performing [[congregational prayers]]. Ibn Jubayr also called Sharifs of Mecca Zaydiyya who recited the verse "Hayya 'ala Khayr al-'Amal" in their [[Adhan]].<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Tadhkīr bi akhbār an ittifāqāt al-amṣār'', p. 138, 139, 140.</ref> Some travel accounts stated that the influence of Shi'ites declined in the next centuries in Mecca. Muhammad Husayn Farahani who performed [[Hajj]] in 1302/1885 said that the number of Shi'ite Muslims in mecca were very few who mostly worked as guides for Hajj pilgrims.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Panjāh safarnāma-yi ḥajj-i qajārī'', vol. 5, p. 203.</ref> Ayazkhan Qashqai who visited Mecca in 1341/1923 stated that Shi'ites did not need to exercise [[Taqiyya]] in order to perform their religious rituals in [[Jeddah]], Mecca and [[Medina]]; they could freely express their religious affiliation as well.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Panjāh safarnāma-yi ḥajj-i qajārī'', vol. 5, p. 395, 409.</ref> | ||
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