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Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a): Difference between revisions
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In [[3]]/[[625 CE|625]], the polytheists of Mecca waged the [[battle of Uhud]] against the Muslims to compensate their defeat in the Battle of Badr.<ref>Shahīdī, "Zīstnāma-yi Imām ʿAlī," p. 16.</ref> In this Battle, Ali (a) was among the few ones who did not flee the battleground and protected the life of the Prophet (s).<ref>Shahīdī, "Zīstnāma-yi Imām ʿAlī," p. 14.</ref> It is reported that He was severely wounded sixteen times in that battle.<ref>Muṣāḥib, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i Farsī'', vol. 2, p. 1760.</ref> Al-Kulayni and al-Tabari mention that the well-known formula "There is no sword but [[Dhu l-Faqar]] and no man of courage but Ali" was said in this battle in praise of Ali (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 1027.</ref> In the same year, Ali's (a) first child, [[al-Hasan (a)]], was born. <ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 537; Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 461.</ref> | In [[3]]/[[625 CE|625]], the polytheists of Mecca waged the [[battle of Uhud]] against the Muslims to compensate their defeat in the Battle of Badr.<ref>Shahīdī, "Zīstnāma-yi Imām ʿAlī," p. 16.</ref> In this Battle, Ali (a) was among the few ones who did not flee the battleground and protected the life of the Prophet (s).<ref>Shahīdī, "Zīstnāma-yi Imām ʿAlī," p. 14.</ref> It is reported that He was severely wounded sixteen times in that battle.<ref>Muṣāḥib, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i Farsī'', vol. 2, p. 1760.</ref> Al-Kulayni and al-Tabari mention that the well-known formula "There is no sword but [[Dhu l-Faqar]] and no man of courage but Ali" was said in this battle in praise of Ali (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 1027.</ref> In the same year, Ali's (a) first child, [[al-Hasan (a)]], was born. <ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 537; Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 461.</ref> | ||
In [[4]]/[[626 CE|626]], when Ali (a) was 27, his mother Fatima bt. Asad passed away.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ'', p. 6.</ref> Ali's (a) second child, [[al-Husayn (a)]], was born in this year.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 555; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 246.</ref> In [[5]]/[[627 CE|627]], the [[Battle of Khandaq]] took place,<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 224; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 564.</ref> which ended with the bravery of Ali (a) in killing [['Amr b. 'Abd Wadd]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 234-237; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 574-673; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 471-720.</ref> The third child of Ali (a) and Fatima (a), [[Zaynab (a)]], was born in the same year.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 1, p. 15; Kaḥḥāla, ''Aʿlām al-nisāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 91.</ref> | In [[4]]/[[626 CE|626]], when Ali (a) was 27, his mother [[Fatima bt. Asad]] passed away.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ'', p. 6.</ref> Ali's (a) second child, [[al-Husayn (a)]], was born in this year.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 555; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 246.</ref> In [[5]]/[[627 CE|627]], the [[Battle of Khandaq]] took place,<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 224; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 564.</ref> which ended with the bravery of Ali (a) in killing [['Amr b. 'Abd Wadd]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 234-237; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 574-673; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 471-720.</ref> The third child of Ali (a) and Fatima (a), [[Zaynab (a)]], was born in the same year.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 1, p. 15; Kaḥḥāla, ''Aʿlām al-nisāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 91.</ref> | ||
In [[6]]/[[628 CE|628]] AH, the [[treaty of Hudaybiyya]] was signed between the Prophet (s) and the Quraysh, whose scribe was Ali (a).<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 776.</ref> In this year, [[Umm Kulthum]], Ali's (a) fourth child was born.<ref>Dhahabī, ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', vol. 3, p. 500.</ref> In the [[Sha'ban]] of the same year, the Prophet (s) sent Ali (a) on a preemptive battle against some of the [[Sariyya of Fadak|people of Fadak]] who had planned to support the Muslims' enemies. <ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 642.</ref> | In [[6]]/[[628 CE|628]] AH, the [[treaty of Hudaybiyya]] was signed between the Prophet (s) and the Quraysh, whose scribe was Ali (a).<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 776.</ref> In this year, [[Umm Kulthum]], Ali's (a) fourth child was born.<ref>Dhahabī, ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', vol. 3, p. 500.</ref> In the [[Sha'ban]] of the same year, the Prophet (s) sent Ali (a) on a preemptive battle against some of the [[Sariyya of Fadak|people of Fadak]] who had planned to support the Muslims' enemies. <ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 642.</ref> | ||
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In [[9]]/[[630 CE|630]], the [[Battle of Tabuk]] took place, and the Prophet (s) left Ali (a) as his successor in Medina. This was the only battle in which Ali (a) was not present.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 163; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 156.</ref> When certain rumors were disseminated by the Hypocrites as to the reason why Ali (a) was left in Medina, Ali (a) joined the Prophet (s), who had left Medina with the Muslim army, and informed him about the rumors. In response, the Prophet (s) told him, "Aren't you happy that you are to me like Aaron to Moses?"<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 926.</ref> This saying came to be known as the [[Hadith al-Manzila]].<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 129; Muslim b. Ḥajjāj, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 1870-1871; Tirmidhī, ''Sunan'', vol. 5, p. 640-641; Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 3, p. 236-291.</ref> In the same year, Ali (a) was sent by the Prophet (s) on the mission to proclaim the first verses of [[Quran 9]] to the polytheists.<ref>Rajabī, "Imām ʿAlī dar ʿahd-i Payāmbar," p. 209.</ref> Ali (a) accomplished the mission in the afternoon of [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Shahīdī, "Zīstnāma-yi Imām ʿAlī," p. 211.</ref> On [[Dhu l-Hijja 24]], [[9]]/[[April 3]],[[631 CE|631]],<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Alī b. Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 143.</ref> the Prophet (s), together with Ali (a), Fatima (a), al-Hasan (a), and al-Husayn (a) engaged in [[mubahala]] with a Christian delegation from [[Najran]].<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 2, p. 582; Rajabī, "Imām ʿAlī dar ʿahd-i Payāmbar," p. 213.</ref> | In [[9]]/[[630 CE|630]], the [[Battle of Tabuk]] took place, and the Prophet (s) left Ali (a) as his successor in Medina. This was the only battle in which Ali (a) was not present.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 163; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 156.</ref> When certain rumors were disseminated by the Hypocrites as to the reason why Ali (a) was left in Medina, Ali (a) joined the Prophet (s), who had left Medina with the Muslim army, and informed him about the rumors. In response, the Prophet (s) told him, "Aren't you happy that you are to me like Aaron to Moses?"<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 926.</ref> This saying came to be known as the [[Hadith al-Manzila]].<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 129; Muslim b. Ḥajjāj, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 1870-1871; Tirmidhī, ''Sunan'', vol. 5, p. 640-641; Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 3, p. 236-291.</ref> In the same year, Ali (a) was sent by the Prophet (s) on the mission to proclaim the first verses of [[Quran 9]] to the polytheists.<ref>Rajabī, "Imām ʿAlī dar ʿahd-i Payāmbar," p. 209.</ref> Ali (a) accomplished the mission in the afternoon of [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Shahīdī, "Zīstnāma-yi Imām ʿAlī," p. 211.</ref> On [[Dhu l-Hijja 24]], [[9]]/[[April 3]],[[631 CE|631]],<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Alī b. Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 143.</ref> the Prophet (s), together with Ali (a), Fatima (a), al-Hasan (a), and al-Husayn (a) engaged in [[mubahala]] with a Christian delegation from [[Najran]].<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 2, p. 582; Rajabī, "Imām ʿAlī dar ʿahd-i Payāmbar," p. 213.</ref> | ||
In [[10]]/[[632 CE|632]], the Prophet (s) send Ali (a) on a mission to call the people of [[Yemen]] to Islam.<ref>ʿAmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy'', vol. 4, p. 319.</ref> In the same year, the Prophet went on his [[Hajjat al-Wada'|last pilgrimage]] to Mecca,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 131; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 148; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 1089.</ref> and Ali joined him in Mecca from Yemen.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 7.</ref> After the [[hajj]], on his way back to Medina in an area called [[Ghadir Khumm]], the Prophet (s) proclaimed Ali to be his successor and the executor of his will.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 1, p. 4.</ref> This event is known as the [[Event of Ghadir Khumm]]. Ali (a) was 33 years old at the time. | In [[10]]/[[632 CE|632]], the Prophet (s) send Ali (a) on a mission to call the people of [[Yemen]] to Islam.<ref>ʿAmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy'', vol. 4, p. 319.</ref> In the same year, the Prophet went on his [[Hajjat al-Wada'|last pilgrimage]] to Mecca,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 131; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 148; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 1089.</ref> and Ali joined him in Mecca from Yemen.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 7.</ref> After the [[hajj]], on his way back to Medina in an area called [[Ghadir Khumm]], the Prophet (s) proclaimed Ali to be his successor and the executor of his will.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 1, p. 4.</ref> This event is known as the [[Event of Ghadir Khumm]]. Ali (a) was 33 years old at the time. | ||
=== After the Prophet (s) === | === After the Prophet (s) === | ||