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Abu l-Qasim Ferdowsi: Difference between revisions
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| Burial Place = Tus, Khorasan | | Burial Place = Tus, Khorasan | ||
| Era = [[ | | Era = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] | ||
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'''Abu l-Qāsim Ḥasan Manṣūr''', known as '''Abu l-Qāsim Ferdowsi''' (Persian: {{ia|ابوالقاسم فردوسی}}), (b. [[329]]/941 — d. [[411]]/1020) was an Iranian poet and epicist of 4th/[[10th]] century. He was born in Pāj, a village in [[Khorasan]]. One of his famous works is [[Shahnameh]], in which the lives of the kings of [[Iran]] are narrated in poems. Historians have reported that he spent all his wealth in this way, but his effort was not accepted by [[ | '''Abu l-Qāsim Ḥasan Manṣūr''', known as '''Abu l-Qāsim Ferdowsi''' (Persian: {{ia|ابوالقاسم فردوسی}}), (b. [[329]]/941 — d. [[411]]/1020) was an Iranian poet and epicist of 4th/[[10th]] century. He was born in Pāj, a village in [[Khorasan]]. One of his famous works is [[Shahnameh]], in which the lives of the kings of [[Iran]] are narrated in poems. Historians have reported that he spent all his wealth in this way, but his effort was not accepted by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and some sources considered it because of the religious opposition between Ferdowsi and Mahmud of Ghazni. [[Sayyid Hasan Amin]] considered Ferdowsi's approach in composing Shahnameh, adopted from the [[Qur'an]]'s method. About Ferdowsi's religion, different views have been mentioned. [['Abd al-Jalil Qazwini]] was the first person who introduced Ferdowsi [[Shi'a]] in his book ''[[al-Naqḍ]]''. | ||
== Life == | == Life == | ||
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According to historical sources, Ferdowsi's burial in Muslims' cemetery was opposed by a person known as Abu l-Qasim Gorgani who believed that Ferdowsi praised [[disbeliever]]s and [[Zoroastrian]]s in his poems. | According to historical sources, Ferdowsi's burial in Muslims' cemetery was opposed by a person known as Abu l-Qasim Gorgani who believed that Ferdowsi praised [[disbeliever]]s and [[Zoroastrian]]s in his poems. | ||
[['Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini]] was the first person who mentioned in ''al-Naqd'' that Ferdowsi was [[Imami|Imami Shi'a]]. Later, [[Qadi Nur Allah al-Shushtari]] too introduced him as Shi'a. However, some people such as Ibrahim Purdavud and his student, | [['Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini]] was the first person who mentioned in ''al-Naqd'' that Ferdowsi was [[Imami|Imami Shi'a]]. Later, [[Qadi Nur Allah al-Shushtari]] too introduced him as Shi'a. However, some people such as Ibrahim Purdavud and his student, Muhammad Mo'in considered him Zoroastrian and [[Malik al-Shuʿara Bahar]] too considered him the reviver of Zoroastrian. | ||
Mahdavi Damghani believed that it is impossible to find about a poet's religion by the number of his poems, except that he mentions a clear statement in them. He continued and said that Ferdowsi was Shi'a and there is no doubt about his [[religion]]. | Mahdavi Damghani believed that it is impossible to find about a poet's religion by the number of his poems, except that he mentions a clear statement in them. He continued and said that Ferdowsi was Shi'a and there is no doubt about his [[religion]]. | ||
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Some people did not consider composition of Iranian national epics, an invention by Ferdowsi and considered others such as Mas'udi Marvzi and Daqiqi Tusi prior to him in that. It is reported that when Ferdowsi was 40 years old, it was several years since Daqiqi, the Iranian poet had begun narrating the Iranian national history in poems, but he was killed by his servant before he could finish it. | Some people did not consider composition of Iranian national epics, an invention by Ferdowsi and considered others such as Mas'udi Marvzi and Daqiqi Tusi prior to him in that. It is reported that when Ferdowsi was 40 years old, it was several years since Daqiqi, the Iranian poet had begun narrating the Iranian national history in poems, but he was killed by his servant before he could finish it. | ||
Ferdowsi decided to finish Daqiqi's work and turned the history Abu Mansur, the governor of [[Tus]] had written and included the history of kings of ancient Iran and the destiny of Iranian nation into poem. Therefore, the history of Abu Mansur known as Shahnameh Mansuri became the most important source for composing Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. He began it in 370/ | Ferdowsi decided to finish Daqiqi's work and turned the history Abu Mansur, the governor of [[Tus]] had written and included the history of kings of ancient Iran and the destiny of Iranian nation into poem. Therefore, the history of Abu Mansur known as Shahnameh Mansuri became the most important source for composing Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. He began it in 370/981 and finished it in 400/1010. | ||
In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has poems about the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], especially [[Imam Ali (a)]], including that, | In Shahnameh, Ferdowsi has poems about the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], especially [[Imam Ali (a)]], including that, | ||
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Ferdowsi is mentioned among Persian poets who was inspired by the words of Imam Ali (a), especially by ''[[Nahj al-Balagha]]''. After Ferdowsi, one of the persons who was influenced by Ferdowsi was Ibn Hisam Khusfi, the author of ''Khavaran Nameh'', which he composed under the influence of Shahnameh. | Ferdowsi is mentioned among Persian poets who was inspired by the words of Imam Ali (a), especially by ''[[Nahj al-Balagha]]''. After Ferdowsi, one of the persons who was influenced by Ferdowsi was Ibn Hisam Khusfi, the author of ''Khavaran Nameh'', which he composed under the influence of Shahnameh. | ||
=== | === Mahmud of Ghazni's Reaction toward Shahnameh === | ||
[[File:قبر فردوسی.jpg|thumbnail|right|A Photo of Ferdowsi's gravestone]] | [[File:قبر فردوسی.jpg|thumbnail|right|A Photo of Ferdowsi's gravestone]] | ||
Toward the end of his life, when Ferdowsi lost his supports for continuing Shahnameh, as reported in the history, he decided to dedicate it to [[ | Toward the end of his life, when Ferdowsi lost his supports for continuing Shahnameh, as reported in the history, he decided to dedicate it to [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]; but, due to different reasons, it was not accepted by him including the ones below, | ||
*Religious disagreement between Ferdowsi who was Shi'a and composed poems about the Ahl al-Bayt (a) with Mahmud who was [[Sunni]]. | *Religious disagreement between Ferdowsi who was Shi'a and composed poems about the Ahl al-Bayt (a) with Mahmud who was [[Sunni]]. | ||
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*Difference of opinions between Mahmud and Ferdowsi over racial, moral and national issues. Ferdowsi spoked harshly about Arabs and Turks who were among Mahmud's ancestors. | *Difference of opinions between Mahmud and Ferdowsi over racial, moral and national issues. Ferdowsi spoked harshly about Arabs and Turks who were among Mahmud's ancestors. | ||
Some believe that Shahnameh including 60 thousand couplets was composed during the time of | Some believe that Shahnameh including 60 thousand couplets was composed during the time of Mahmud of Ghazni and was dedicated to him; and considered him the one who motivated Ferdowsi for composing it. However, others consider racial attributes of Mahmud of Ghazni and historical reports about him in disagreement with that view. | ||
== Ferdowsi Millennium == | == Ferdowsi Millennium == | ||
Some researchers considered that Ferdowsi was born in 934 CE and held a commemoration congress titled as "Ferdowsi Millennium" in 1934 CE. This congress was held in Dar al-Funun in Tehran, where a group of Iranologists and researchers from other countries attended. The reconstructed tomb of Ferdowsi was opened after this congress by the presence of Reza Shah and the participants in the congress. | Some researchers considered that Ferdowsi was born in 934 CE and held a commemoration congress titled as "Ferdowsi Millennium" in 1934 CE. This congress was held in Dar al-Funun in Tehran, where a group of Iranologists and researchers from other countries attended. The reconstructed tomb of Ferdowsi was opened after this congress by the presence of [[Reza Shah]] and the participants in the congress. | ||
New designing and reconstruction of Ferdowsi's tomb in Tus was made by [[Hossein Lorzadeh]] and the poems of the tomb were written in calligraphy by 'Imad al-Kuttab. | New designing and reconstruction of Ferdowsi's tomb in Tus was made by [[Hossein Lorzadeh]] and the poems of the tomb were written in calligraphy by 'Imad al-Kuttab. | ||
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