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Al-Hadi al-'Abbasi: Difference between revisions
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| Epithet = al-Hadi al-'Abbasi | | Epithet = al-Hadi al-'Abbasi | ||
| Birth = [[145]]/762 | | Birth = [[145]]/762 | ||
| Death = [[170]]/ | | Death = [[170]]/786 | ||
| Father = [[Al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] | | Father = [[Al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] | ||
| Mother = | | Mother = | ||
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| Successor = [[Harun al-Rashid]] | | Successor = [[Harun al-Rashid]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Mūsā b. Mahdi b. Manṣūr''' titled as '''al-Hādi al-'Abbāsi''' (b. [[145]]/762 - d. [[170]]/ | '''Mūsā b. Mahdi b. Manṣūr''' titled as '''al-Hādi al-'Abbāsi''' (b. [[145]]/762 - d. [[170]]/786) was the fourth [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]]. al-Hadi al-'Abbasi ruled about 14 months. During his rule, [['Alids]] were under surveillance and their allowances were cut. During the rule of al-Hadi al-'Abbasi, [[Sahib Fakhkh]] made an uprising in [[Medina]] which was suppressed by him. He considered [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] the main cause of provoking 'Alids in the [[Uprising of Fakhkh]]; and thus, he decided to kill Imam al-Kazim (a), but he died before committing that. | ||
al-Hadi al-'Abbasi wanted to appoint his small son (Ja'far) as the crown prince instead of [[Harun al-Rashid]], but he could not. He followed the policy of his father, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] in standing against [[ | al-Hadi al-'Abbasi wanted to appoint his small son (Ja'far) as the crown prince instead of [[Harun al-Rashid]], but he could not. He followed the policy of his father, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] in standing against [[Zindiqs]] (non believers) and killed many of them. After him, his brother Harun al-Rashid reached [[caliphate]]. | ||
== Life == | == Life == | ||
Musa b. Mahdi b. Mansur b. Muhammad b. Ali b. 'Abbas titled as al-Hadi was the fourth [['Abbasid]] [[caliph]]. His [[kunya]] was Abu Ja'far<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> or Abu Muhammad<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 6, p. 101; Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 381.</ref> and was born of a female servant called Khayzaran.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 324.</ref> He reached the caliphate at the age of 25 in [[Muharram]] [[169]]/786.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> He was the youngest caliph until that time.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> | Musa b. Mahdi b. Mansur b. Muhammad b. Ali b. 'Abbas titled as al-Hadi was the fourth [['Abbasid]] [[caliph]]. His teknonym ([[kunya]]) was Abu Ja'far<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> or Abu Muhammad<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 6, p. 101; Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 381.</ref> and was born of a female servant called Khayzaran.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 324.</ref> He reached the caliphate at the age of 25 in [[Muharram]] [[169]]/786.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> He was the youngest caliph until that time.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> | ||
He was very dear to his father<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 159.</ref> and was appointed as the first crown prince by his father at the age of 16 and was chosen as the leader of the army.<ref>Khiḍrī, ''Tārīkh-i khalāfat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 51.</ref> Toward the end of his life, al-Mahdi decided to replaced al-Hadi with his other son, Harun, but he died before doing so.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> At the time of Mahdi's death, al-Hadi was in [[Jurjan]]<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 380; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> and was fighting with the people of [[Tabaristan]];<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 187; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 87.</ref> therefore, his brother Harun gave [[allegiance]] to him at the very same day of al-Mahdi's death<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 8, p. 305.</ref> and took the allegiance of the great Abbasid chiefs and commanders of the army for him.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 324; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 404.</ref> | He was very dear to his father<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 159.</ref> and was appointed as the first crown prince by his father at the age of 16 and was chosen as the leader of the army.<ref>Khiḍrī, ''Tārīkh-i khalāfat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 51.</ref> Toward the end of his life, al-Mahdi decided to replaced al-Hadi with his other son, Harun, but he died before doing so.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> At the time of Mahdi's death, al-Hadi was in [[Jurjan]]<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 380; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> and was fighting with the people of [[Tabaristan]];<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 187; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 87.</ref> therefore, his brother Harun gave [[allegiance]] to him at the very same day of al-Mahdi's death<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 8, p. 305.</ref> and took the allegiance of the great Abbasid chiefs and commanders of the army for him.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 324; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 404.</ref> | ||
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He was physically strong.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> He was famous for his bravery and talent in government and [[generosity]]. However, he was a cruel, daring and zealous.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> Because of a defect he had in his lips, he was also known as "Musa Atbaq".<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 101.</ref> He was interested in literature and history and very much loved songs.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 92.</ref> | He was physically strong.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> He was famous for his bravery and talent in government and [[generosity]]. However, he was a cruel, daring and zealous.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> Because of a defect he had in his lips, he was also known as "Musa Atbaq".<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 101.</ref> He was interested in literature and history and very much loved songs.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 92.</ref> | ||
=== Death === | |||
He ruled for about one year and two months and died in [[Baghdad]]<ref>Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 8, p. 372.</ref> at the age of 25<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> or 26 in 170/786.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 101; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 406.</ref> Some considered his death due to illness and some others mentioned that he was killed in sleep by the order of his mother due to family disputes, by one of the female servants.<ref>Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārub al-umam'', vol. 3, p. 488.</ref> His brother Harun performed [[Funeral Prayer|prayer]] upon him and he was buried in 'Isa Abad.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 205; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 406.</ref> | |||
{{'Abbasi Dynasty}} | {{'Abbasi Dynasty}} | ||
== Encounter with 'Alids == | == Encounter with 'Alids == | ||