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'''Māwarāʾ al-Nahr''' (Arabic: {{ia|ماوراء النهر}}) or '''Transoxiana''' was the name of a vast land in the east north of the plateau of [[Iran]], which is now also called Central Asia. This region became known as '''Mawara' al-Nahr''', after it was conquered by [[Muslim]]s. The [[religion]] of most of its people before [[Islam]] was [[Zoroastrianism]]. Islam quickly spread in this land and this region could become the pole of Islamic culture and civilization in a short time. Some of its important cities were [[Merv]], [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarqand]], etc. | '''Māwarāʾ al-Nahr''' (Arabic: {{ia|ماوراء النهر}}) or '''Transoxiana''' was the name of a vast land in the east north of the plateau of [[Iran]], which is now also called Central Asia. This region became known as '''Mawara' al-Nahr''', after it was conquered by [[Muslim]]s. The [[religion]] of most of its people before [[Islam]] was [[Zoroastrianism]]. Islam quickly spread in this land and this region could become the pole of Islamic culture and civilization in a short time. Some of its important cities were [[Merv]], [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarqand]], etc. | ||
This region became an appropriate place for [[Shi'a]] since the 2nd/8th century due to its distance from the center of [[Abbasid]] [[caliphate]]. Mawara' al-Nahr introduced great scholars to the world of | This region became an appropriate place for [[Shi'a]] since the 2nd/8th century due to its distance from the center of [[Abbasid]] [[caliphate]]. Mawara' al-Nahr introduced great scholars to the world of knowledge, among whom there are scientists and scholars such as [[al-'Ayyashi]], [[al-Kashshi]], [[Abu 'Ali Sina]] (Avicenna), [[al-Farabi]] and others. Governments such as [[Samanids]], [[Kara-Khanids]], [[Ghaznavids]], [[Seljuks]], etc. ruled over this region, some of which such as Samanids played a great role in spreading Islamic science, culture and civilization. | ||
== Geographical Borders == | == Geographical Borders == | ||
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There are different views about its geographical entirety as some considered all the north east part of Iran including Khorasan, Mawara' al-Nahr and thus, it was also called as "the Greater Khorasan". Some sources referred to some researches and considered titles such as "Central Asia", "[[Greater Khorasan]]", "Khorasan" and "Mawara' al-Nahr" the same and synonymous; however, some did not consider Khorasan a part of Mawara' al-Nahr. | There are different views about its geographical entirety as some considered all the north east part of Iran including Khorasan, Mawara' al-Nahr and thus, it was also called as "the Greater Khorasan". Some sources referred to some researches and considered titles such as "Central Asia", "[[Greater Khorasan]]", "Khorasan" and "Mawara' al-Nahr" the same and synonymous; however, some did not consider Khorasan a part of Mawara' al-Nahr. | ||
Some believe that this region was once a fully developed region and no uninhabited place could be found anywhere in that region and the best of water and soil could be found there. Some important cities of this region were Samarkand, Bukhara, Balkh, Khujand, Termez, Khwarezm, Merv, Sogdia, Tashkent, Kesh (Shahresabz), Tokharistan, | Some believe that this region was once a fully developed region and no uninhabited place could be found anywhere in that region and the best of water and soil could be found there. Some important cities of this region were [[Samarkand]], [[Bukhara]], [[Balkh]], [[Khujand]], [[Termez]], [[Khwarezm]], [[Merv]], Sogdia, [[Tashkent]], [[Kesh]] (Shahresabz), Tokharistan, Sijistan, Urgench, etc. Some sources mentioned different regions in Mawara' al-Nahr and some other researchers discussed the geographical divisions of this region in details. | ||
The whole region of Mawara' al-Nahr was ruled under Iran's government only during [[Achaemenid]] government and the rule of Arab Muslims. Until the rule of Qajars, Mawara' al-Nahr followed the order of Iran's central government and now is divided to different countries such as [[Tajikistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Most of Mawara' al-Nahr is now located in Uzbekistan. Maybe, that is why Dehkhoda considered Uzbekistan synonymous with Mawara' al-Nahr. | The whole region of Mawara' al-Nahr was ruled under Iran's government only during [[Achaemenid]] government and the rule of Arab Muslims. Until the rule of Qajars, Mawara' al-Nahr followed the order of Iran's central government and now is divided to different countries such as [[Tajikistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Most of Mawara' al-Nahr is now located in Uzbekistan. Maybe, that is why Dehkhoda considered Uzbekistan synonymous with Mawara' al-Nahr. | ||
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This region has a pre-historic civilization background. According to historical documents, in the historic period, it was under the influence of different governments such as Achaemenids, Seleucids, [[Parthian]], Scythians, Kushans, Hephthalites, Turks and Sasanids; and thus, it had an important role in important political, cultural and social developments in the history of Iran and the world. | This region has a pre-historic civilization background. According to historical documents, in the historic period, it was under the influence of different governments such as Achaemenids, Seleucids, [[Parthian]], Scythians, Kushans, Hephthalites, Turks and Sasanids; and thus, it had an important role in important political, cultural and social developments in the history of Iran and the world. | ||
Some believe that it was where [[Zoroaster]] emerged and even some considered [[Balkh]] as his birth town | Some believe that it was where [[Zoroaster]] emerged and even some considered [[Balkh]] as his birth town where he passed the first stage of his life, as before the invasion of Arabs, there were many fire temples in [[Bukhara]] which was one of the biggest cities of Mawara' al-Nahr and also in the other cities of that region. In that region, there was a great religious toleration and therefore, the absence of any dogmatic religious sect there made refugees of different creeds to choose that region for living. This made that region a center for exchanging beliefs and different religions. | ||
== Coming of Islam == | == Coming of Islam == | ||
Three years after the conquest of Merv by Muslims, the first attacks to this land began, until in 85/704 after [[Qutayba b. Muslim | Three years after the conquest of Merv by Muslims, the first attacks to this land began, until in 85/704 after [[Qutayba b. Muslim al-Bahili]] became the governor of [[Khorasan]] and could conquer most or all of the cities of this region one after another. This region became known as Mawara' al-Nahr after it was conquered by Arabs. | ||
Islam spread in this region so that it could emerge as a scientific and cultural center against [[Baghdad]] and even some of its cities including Samarkand and Bukhara became famous as two important centers which could even be compared to Baghdad. For five centuries, this region was the greatest cradle of Islamic civilization and the center of Iranian governments. Mawara' al-Nahr was the birth and burial place of many great Islamic scholars. | Islam spread in this region so that it could emerge as a scientific and cultural center against [[Baghdad]] and even some of its cities including Samarkand and Bukhara became famous as two important centers which could even be compared to Baghdad. For five centuries, this region was the greatest cradle of Islamic civilization and the center of Iranian governments. Mawara' al-Nahr was the birth and burial place of many great Islamic scholars. | ||
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Since the 2nd/8th century, Mawara' al-Nahr was considered an appropriate place for [[Shi'a]]. It was considered so, because it was far from Arabic and [['Abbasid]] center of [[caliphate]] and also because the enemies of Shi'a did not have access to them. The remarkable presence of 'Alawis in this region dates back to 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries. That might be because of Samanids' religious zeal which led to inhabitation of [[Sayyid]]s and Shi'a in that region with perfect security. Seljuks' dogmatic encounter with Shi'a can be considered among other reasons of the emigration of Shi'a, especially 'Alawis in 5th/11th and 6th/12th centuries. | Since the 2nd/8th century, Mawara' al-Nahr was considered an appropriate place for [[Shi'a]]. It was considered so, because it was far from Arabic and [['Abbasid]] center of [[caliphate]] and also because the enemies of Shi'a did not have access to them. The remarkable presence of 'Alawis in this region dates back to 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries. That might be because of Samanids' religious zeal which led to inhabitation of [[Sayyid]]s and Shi'a in that region with perfect security. Seljuks' dogmatic encounter with Shi'a can be considered among other reasons of the emigration of Shi'a, especially 'Alawis in 5th/11th and 6th/12th centuries. | ||
Most people of Mawara' al-Nahr, especially in 6th/12th century, were [[Hanafi]] Sunnis who acknowledged the great position of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]. Shi'a were very active in that region. In his book of ''Ansab'', [[Fakhr Razi]] reported about the existence of a large group of 'Alawi Sayyids in that region. Some others reported about the transmission of [[hadith]]s in gatherings in Mawara' al-Nahr and in the [[mourning procession|mourning]] ceremonies of the [[Day of 'Ashura]] and believe that the significant presence of Shi'a in this region can be proved; as the poems composed in praise of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) by famous poets such as Suzani Samarqandi, Sabuni Kashshi and others available in literary texts of that period can be referred to as evidences. | Most people of Mawara' al-Nahr, especially in 6th/12th century, were [[Hanafi]] Sunnis who acknowledged the great position of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]. Shi'a were very active in that region. In his book of ''Ansab'', [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] reported about the existence of a large group of 'Alawi Sayyids in that region. Some others reported about the transmission of [[hadith]]s in gatherings in Mawara' al-Nahr and in the [[mourning procession|mourning]] ceremonies of the [[Day of 'Ashura]] and believe that the significant presence of Shi'a in this region can be proved; as the poems composed in praise of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) by famous poets such as Suzani Samarqandi, Sabuni Kashshi and others available in literary texts of that period can be referred to as evidences. | ||
One of the important centers of Shi'a in Mawara' al-Nahr was the city of Samarqand. [[Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi]] was among distinguished Shi'a scholars who established an active scientific center in that city. Other Shi'a cities of this region were [[Neyshabur]], [[Mashhad]], [[Bukhara]], Quhistan, Raqa, etc. where 'Alawi Sayyids were esteemed. | One of the important centers of Shi'a in Mawara' al-Nahr was the city of Samarqand. [[Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi]] was among distinguished Shi'a scholars who established an active scientific center in that city. Other Shi'a cities of this region were [[Neyshabur]], [[Mashhad]], [[Bukhara]], Quhistan, Raqa, etc. where 'Alawi Sayyids were esteemed. | ||
== Scholars and Scientists == | == Scholars and Scientists == | ||
Scholars of Mawara' al-Nahr played a significant role in spreading the Islamic culture and civilization. Muhammad b. Mas'ud Tamimi known as [[al-'Ayyashi]] was among them who lived in 3rd/9th century. ''[[Tafsir al-'Ayyashi|Al-Tafsir]]'' is the only book remained from among his works. Another scholar of this region was Muhammad b. 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz known as [[al-Kashshi]] who was a famous scholar of [[rijal]] and the author of ''[[Ma'rifat al-rijal]]'' about the companions of [[Imams (a)]]. | Scholars of Mawara' al-Nahr played a significant role in spreading the Islamic culture and civilization. Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-Tamimi known as [[al-'Ayyashi]] was among them who lived in 3rd/9th century. ''[[Tafsir al-'Ayyashi|Al-Tafsir]]'' is the only book remained from among his works. Another scholar of this region was Muhammad b. 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz known as [[al-Kashshi]] who was a famous scholar of [[rijal]] and the author of ''[[Ma'rifat al-rijal]]'' about the companions of [[Imams (a)]]. | ||
Other scholars and scientists have been introduced to the world from this region as well including: [[Abu Nasr al-Farabi]], [[Abu 'Ali Sina]], [[Abu Rayhan al-Biruni]], [[Ferdowsi Tusi]], [[Rudaki]] Samarqandi, Abu al-Fadl al-Bal'ami, Nizami 'Aruzi Samarqandi, Kamal al-Din 'Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi, 'Am'aq Bukhara'i, 'Awfi Bukhara'i, Kasa'i Marvzi, 'Asjadi, [[Jar Allah Zamakhshari]], Abu Shakur Balkhi, Daqiqi Tusi, [[Rumi]], [[Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani]], Rashid al-Din Vatvat Balkhi, Kamal Khujandi, Zahiri Samarqandi, Sadid al-Din 'Awfi Bukhara'i, Najmuddin Kubra, [[Abd al-Rahman Jami]], others. | Other scholars and scientists have been introduced to the world from this region as well including: [[Abu Nasr al-Farabi]], [[Abu 'Ali Sina]], [[Abu Rayhan al-Biruni]], [[Ferdowsi Tusi]], [[Rudaki]] Samarqandi, Abu al-Fadl al-Bal'ami, Nizami 'Aruzi Samarqandi, Kamal al-Din 'Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi, 'Am'aq Bukhara'i, 'Awfi Bukhara'i, Kasa'i Marvzi, 'Asjadi, [[Jar Allah al-Zamakhshari]], Abu Shakur Balkhi, Daqiqi Tusi, [[Rumi]], [[Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani]], Rashid al-Din Vatvat Balkhi, Kamal Khujandi, Zahiri Samarqandi, Sadid al-Din 'Awfi Bukhara'i, Najmuddin Kubra, [[Abd al-Rahman Jami]], others. | ||
After the attack of [[Mongols]], knowledge and culture of [[Khorasan]] and Mawara' al-Nahr weakened, as some believe that other cities such as [[Shiraz]] then became the pioneers in knowledge and culture. | After the attack of [[Mongols]], knowledge and culture of [[Khorasan]] and Mawara' al-Nahr weakened, as some believe that other cities such as [[Shiraz]] then became the pioneers in knowledge and culture. | ||
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After Samanids, Turks of Mawara' al-Nahr who had great power in the region, took the power. [[Kara-Khanids]] were the first Muslim Turks who could took the power after Samanids. It was important because that provided the grounds for frequent emigration of many Turks to Mawara' al-Nahr, which developed the region and they formed the majority of the population of the society. Another Turk tribe who took the power in this region were [[Ghaznavids]]. Also, [[Seljuk]] Turks ruled over the region for years after the fall of Ghaznavids. | After Samanids, Turks of Mawara' al-Nahr who had great power in the region, took the power. [[Kara-Khanids]] were the first Muslim Turks who could took the power after Samanids. It was important because that provided the grounds for frequent emigration of many Turks to Mawara' al-Nahr, which developed the region and they formed the majority of the population of the society. Another Turk tribe who took the power in this region were [[Ghaznavids]]. Also, [[Seljuk]] Turks ruled over the region for years after the fall of Ghaznavids. | ||
In 616/ | In 616/1218-19, Mongols invaded Islamic lands through Mawara' al-Nahr by defeating [[Khwarazmshahids]] and conquering Mawara' al-Nahr. They killed many Muslims, destroyed and plundered many cities. Although, this region was the first center in fighting with Mongols and the people of Mawara' al-Nahr made great fights agents Mongols, Mongols ruled over this region for a long time and thus, it could never again become a scientific and cultural center. | ||
After the rule of Mongols, [[Timurids]] took the power, when Mawara' al-Nahr gained a new spirit and became the scientific and cultural center of Iran, and that period is referred to as the renaissance of Timurid era. Another government which took the power in this region and prepared the grounds for complete separation of Mawara' al-Nahr from Iran was the Shaybanid or [[Uzbek]] dynasty which was in opposition with the [[Safavid]] government. | After the rule of Mongols, [[Timurids]] took the power, when Mawara' al-Nahr gained a new spirit and became the scientific and cultural center of Iran, and that period is referred to as the renaissance of Timurid era. Another government which took the power in this region and prepared the grounds for complete separation of Mawara' al-Nahr from Iran was the Shaybanid or [[Uzbek]] dynasty which was in opposition with the [[Safavid]] government. | ||