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'''ʾAdhān''' (Arabic: {{ia|أذان}}) is a set of phrases recited to announce the time of [[prayer]]. Adhan includes fundamental Islamic teachings such as [[Monotheism]], the [[Prophethood]] of [[Muhammad (s)]], and an invitation to salvation | '''ʾAdhān''' (Arabic: {{ia|أذان}}) is a set of phrases recited to announce the time of [[prayer]]. Adhan includes fundamental Islamic teachings such as [[Monotheism]], the [[Prophethood]] of [[Muhammad (s)]], and an invitation to salvation through prayer. | ||
==Terminology== | |||
Lexically, 'adhan' means announcement or declaration. The word 'adhan' has also been used in the holy [[Qur'an]] in this way.<ref>Quran, 9: 3.</ref> Iqama literally means to keep up or to make upright. Recited after Adhan, which is the first declaration, iqama is the second and last call which indicates the actual start of the prayer. Adhan is the call for gathering, and iqama is for standing up and preparing for prayer. | |||
{{Supplications-Vertical}} | |||
Combined together, adhan and [[iqama]] are sometimes referred to as ''adhanayn'' (The two adhans).<ref>See: Abu 'Ubayd, Qasim. ''Gharib al-Hadith''. vol. 4. p. 320</ref> | |||
{|style=" | ==Words== | ||
{|style=" text-align: left; margin-right:20px" | |||
|style="background-color: #FFB60B; padding: 5px; text-align: center" | Translation | |style="background-color: #FFB60B; padding: 5px; text-align: center" | Translation | ||
|style="background-color: #FFB60B; padding: 5px; text-align: center" | Transliteration | |style="background-color: #FFB60B; padding: 5px; text-align: center" | Transliteration | ||
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{{ia|أَشهَدُ أَن لا إِلهَ إِلَّا الله}}<br> | {{ia|أَشهَدُ أَن لا إِلهَ إِلَّا الله}}<br> | ||
{{ia|أَشهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ الله}}<br> | {{ia|أَشهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ الله}}<br> | ||
<ref>this phrase is not | <ref>ُAccording to the majority of Shiite [[fuqaha]], this phrase (called [[Third Testimony]]) is not part of adhan, but it is [[mustahab]] or permissible to recite it with the intention of proximity to God.</ref>{{ia|[[The Third Testimony|أَشهَدُ أَنَّ عَليًّا وَليُّ الله]]}}<br> | ||
{{ia|حَیِّ عَلَی الصَّلاةِ}}<br> | {{ia|حَیِّ عَلَی الصَّلاةِ}}<br> | ||
{{ia|حَیِّ عَلَی الفَلاح}}<br> | {{ia|حَیِّ عَلَی الفَلاح}}<br> | ||
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2 times<br> | 2 times<br> | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
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In some [[Sunni]] accounts, it is claimed that adhan is man-made and not based on divine revelation. According to these reports, the Muslims first had various ways to call for prayer - and it was [['Umar]] who suggested that someone should be designated to announce the prayer time. The Prophet (s) then appointed [[Bilal b. Rabah|Bilal]] for this task.<ref>Bukhari, Muhammad. ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. vol. 1. p. 150; al-Muslim al-Nishaburi. ''Sahih Muslim''. vol. 1. p. 285</ref> | In some [[Sunni]] accounts, it is claimed that adhan is man-made and not based on divine revelation. According to these reports, the Muslims first had various ways to call for prayer - and it was [['Umar]] who suggested that someone should be designated to announce the prayer time. The Prophet (s) then appointed [[Bilal b. Rabah|Bilal]] for this task.<ref>Bukhari, Muhammad. ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. vol. 1. p. 150; al-Muslim al-Nishaburi. ''Sahih Muslim''. vol. 1. p. 285</ref> | ||
According to other Sunni narrations, the Prophet (s) suggested that the Muslims, like the [[People of the Book]], should use a horn or a bell to call for prayer. Then, [['Abd Allah b. Zayd b. 'Abd Rabbih]] had a dream in which the adhan was revealed to him. The Prophet (s) recognized it as a true dream and ordered him to teach the phrases to Bilal.<ref>Ibn Maja. ''Sunan''. vol. 1. p. 232-233; Abu Dawud, ''Sunan Abu Dawud''. vol. 1. 336-338; Tirmidhi, Muhammad. ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi''. vol. 1. p. 359; Nasa'i, Ahmad. ''Sunan al-Nasa'i''. vol. 3. p. 2-3</ref> [[Shafi'i]], however, | According to other Sunni narrations, the Prophet (s) suggested that the Muslims, like the [[People of the Book]], should use a horn or a bell to call for prayer. Then, [['Abd Allah b. Zayd b. 'Abd Rabbih]] had a dream in which the adhan was revealed to him. The Prophet (s) recognized it as a true dream and ordered him to teach the phrases to Bilal.<ref>Ibn Maja. ''Sunan''. vol. 1. p. 232-233; Abu Dawud, ''Sunan Abu Dawud''. vol. 1. 336-338; Tirmidhi, Muhammad. ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi''. vol. 1. p. 359; Nasa'i, Ahmad. ''Sunan al-Nasa'i''. vol. 3. p. 2-3</ref> [[Shafi'i]], however, believes adhan has too high a position to be revealed in the dream of an individual like 'Abd Allah b. Zayd. | ||
==Wording and Phrasing== | ==Wording and Phrasing== | ||
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Adhan consists of: ''Allah-u akbar'' (Allah is the Greatest) four times; ''ashhad-u an la ilah-a illa Allah'' (I bear witness there is no God but Allah) two times; ''ashhad-u ann-a Muhammad-an Rasul-u Allah'' (I bear witness Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah) two times; ''hayy-a 'ala l-salah'' (hurry toward prayer) two times; ''hayya 'ala l-falah'' (hurry toward salvation) two times; ''hayy-a 'ala khayr al-'amal'' (hurry toward the best of deeds) two times; ''Allah-u akbar'' two times; ''la ilah-a illa Allah'' two times.<ref>Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Khilaf''. vol. 1. p. 9</ref> | Adhan consists of: ''Allah-u akbar'' (Allah is the Greatest) four times; ''ashhad-u an la ilah-a illa Allah'' (I bear witness there is no God but Allah) two times; ''ashhad-u ann-a Muhammad-an Rasul-u Allah'' (I bear witness Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah) two times; ''hayy-a 'ala l-salah'' (hurry toward prayer) two times; ''hayya 'ala l-falah'' (hurry toward salvation) two times; ''hayy-a 'ala khayr al-'amal'' (hurry toward the best of deeds) two times; ''Allah-u akbar'' two times; ''la ilah-a illa Allah'' two times.<ref>Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Khilaf''. vol. 1. p. 9</ref> | ||
Although the phrase of [[wilaya]] i.e. ''ashhad-u ann-a 'Ali-yyan wali-yyu Allah'', (I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah) has been recited in the adhan of some of the Shias since early times,<ref>Shaykh al-Saduq. 'Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 18-189; al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Nihaya''. p. 80</ref> it is not presented in Shia sources as | Although the phrase of [[wilaya]] i.e. ''ashhad-u ann-a 'Ali-yyan wali-yyu Allah'', (I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah) has been recited in the adhan of some of the Shias since early times,<ref>Shaykh al-Saduq. 'Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 18-189; al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Nihaya''. p. 80</ref> it is not presented in Shia sources as a part of adhan. It is recited after the third phrase two times. | ||
{{see also|Third Testimony}} | |||
The sixth phrase i.e. ''hayy-a 'ala khayr-i l-'amal'' (hurry toward the best of deeds) belongs particularly to the [[Shi'a]] and is a distinctive characteristic of this sect.<ref>Sayyid Murtada. ''al-Intisar''. p. 38-39</ref> [[Ibn Nubah]], the [[mu'adhdhin]] of Imam 'Ali (a) used to recite this phrase in adhan without objection from Imam Ali (a).<ref>Shaykh al-Saduq. 'Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 18-189</ref> According to Shi'a reports, this phrase had been a part of adhan until 'Umar omitted it due to his belief that it would weaken people's motivation for [[jihad]].<ref>Qadi Nu'man. vol. 1. p. 143; Abu 'Abd Allah 'Alawi. ''al-Adhan bi-hayy 'ala khayr al-'amal''. p. 16</ref> | The sixth phrase i.e. ''hayy-a 'ala khayr-i l-'amal'' (hurry toward the best of deeds) belongs particularly to the [[Shi'a]] and is a distinctive characteristic of this sect.<ref>Sayyid Murtada. ''al-Intisar''. p. 38-39</ref> [[Ibn Nubah]], the [[mu'adhdhin]] of Imam 'Ali (a) used to recite this phrase in adhan without objection from Imam Ali (a).<ref>Shaykh al-Saduq. 'Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 18-189</ref> According to Shi'a reports, this phrase had been a part of adhan until 'Umar omitted it due to his belief that it would weaken people's motivation for [[jihad]].<ref>Qadi Nu'man. vol. 1. p. 143; Abu 'Abd Allah 'Alawi. ''al-Adhan bi-hayy 'ala khayr al-'amal''. p. 16</ref> | ||
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* The [[mu'adhdhin]] (reciter of adhan) must be a mature male Muslim with a sound mind. It is also preferable that he is just, has a loud voice and is aware of exact prayer times. It is recommended that the mu'adhdhin is in the state of [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]] and that he stands in an elevated place while reciting adhan.<ref>Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 82</ref> | * The [[mu'adhdhin]] (reciter of adhan) must be a mature male Muslim with a sound mind. It is also preferable that he is just, has a loud voice and is aware of exact prayer times. It is recommended that the mu'adhdhin is in the state of [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]] and that he stands in an elevated place while reciting adhan.<ref>Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 82</ref> | ||
* Some scholars have explicitly mentioned that | * Some scholars have explicitly mentioned that it is permissible for a female to recite adhan when heard only by a female audience.<ref>Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 80</ref> | ||
* The [[Maliki]] school and some Shafi'i jurists hold that a Mu'adhin can be paid for his recitation of adhan; on the contrary, Imamiyyah, [[Hanifiyya]], Hanabila and some other Shafi'i jurists believe it is not permissible for a Mu'adhin to receive money for the recitation of adhan, they argue for their opinion by citing a broader ruling that states "no one is allowed to take his religious duties (in this case, adhan recitation) as a source for earning money". | * The [[Maliki]] school and some Shafi'i jurists hold that a Mu'adhin can be paid for his recitation of adhan; on the contrary, Imamiyyah, [[Hanifiyya]], Hanabila and some other Shafi'i jurists believe it is not permissible for a Mu'adhin to receive money for the recitation of the adhan, they argue for their opinion by citing a broader ruling that states "no one is allowed to take his religious duties (in this case, adhan recitation) as a source for earning money". However, by distinguishing between the practice (which is a religious obligation and should not be paid for) and the position (which shouldn't remain vacant) these scholars believe such an individual must be provided with some sort of salary from the [[bayt al-mal]] (treasury of Muslim community). this changes the equation of practice-payment to that of position-payment which has different jurisprudential dynamics and consequences.<ref>Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Khilaf''. vol. 1. p. 96; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 83</ref> | ||
* According to the [[Maliki]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools, there should be Tarji' in Shahadatayn (the second and third phrases). That is, each phrase should be recited once in a whispering fashion and then repeated | * According to the [[Maliki]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools, there should be Tarji' in Shahadatayn (the second and third phrases). That is, each phrase should be recited once in a whispering fashion and then repeated loudly. | ||
* It is not permissible to recite adhan | * It is not permissible to recite adhan before the time of Fajr (dawn) to awaken people for its performance. If recited early, the adhan must be repeated at the proper time of Fajr.<ref>Shaykh al-Mufid.''al-Muqni'a''. p. 98</ref> | ||
==Other Uses for Adhan== | ==Other Uses for Adhan== | ||
According to the tradition of the Prophet (s), adhan is whispered into the right ear - and [[iqama]] into the left ear - of every newly born Muslim child.<ref>Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 6. p. 233-24; al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Tahdhib''. vol. 7. p. 436-437</ref> | According to the tradition of the Prophet (s), the adhan is whispered into the right ear - and [[iqama]] into the left ear - of every newly born Muslim child.<ref>Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 6. p. 233-24; al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Tahdhib''. vol. 7. p. 436-437</ref> | ||
In the past, adhan has also been used to call for public gathering in situations such as announcing the demise of a well-known figure, warning of a nearby fire, or demanding for justice.<ref>Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala l-madhahib al-arba'a''. vol. 1 p. 325; Nizam al-mulk, Hasan. ''Siasat nama''. p. 66 ff</ref> | In the past, adhan has also been used to call for public gathering in situations such as announcing the demise of a well-known figure, warning of a nearby fire, or demanding for justice.<ref>Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala l-madhahib al-arba'a''. vol. 1 p. 325; Nizam al-mulk, Hasan. ''Siasat nama''. p. 66 ff</ref> | ||