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Muwalat: Difference between revisions
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== Meaning == | == Meaning == | ||
Muwalat is derived from the root of "wa-la-ya" ({{ia|وَلَیَ}}) meaning "adherence between two things". In jurisprudential terminology, "muwalat" is doing acts of a task successively and without an unusual pause or in another statement it means that each action must be performed one after the other, without interruption between the actions. | Muwalat is derived from the root of "wa-la-ya" ({{ia|وَلَیَ}}) meaning "adherence between two things".<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 15, p. 412, under the word "Wali".</ref> In jurisprudential terminology, "muwalat" is doing acts of a task successively and without an unusual pause or in another statement it means that each action must be performed one after the other, without interruption between the actions.<ref>Baṣmajī, ''Muʿjam muṣṭalaḥāt al-fāz al-fiqh al-Islāmī'', p. 556.</ref> | ||
== Cases of Obligation == | == Cases of Obligation == | ||
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====Prayer==== | ====Prayer==== | ||
{{Main|Prayer}} | {{Main|Prayer}} | ||
Elements of payer such as [[Qara'a|recitation]], [[ruku']] and [[prostration]], etc. should be performed successively, without any unusual pause between them. Making a long pause between them in a way that people do not consider it prayer anymore invalidates the prayer, even if it happens unintentionally or inadvertently. | Elements of payer such as [[Qara'a|recitation]], [[ruku']] and [[prostration]], etc. should be performed successively, without any unusual pause between them. Making a long pause between them in a way that people do not consider it prayer anymore invalidates the prayer,<ref>Kāshif al-Ghitāʾ, ''Suʾāl wa jawāb'', p. 76; Banīhāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marajiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 602, issue 1114.</ref> even if it happens unintentionally or inadvertently. | ||
Prolonging ruku' or prostration or reciting long [[sura]]s does not harm muwalat. | Prolonging ruku' or prostration or reciting long [[sura]]s does not harm muwalat.<ref>Banīhāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marajiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 603, issue 1116.</ref> | ||
====Wudu'==== | ====Wudu'==== | ||
{{main|Wudu'}} | {{main|Wudu'}} | ||
Observing muwalat in the acts of wudu' is among the requirements of its correctness meaning that the person should not make such a long pause that in normal weather, previous parts of wudu' become dry. Thus, if due to hot weather or wind, previous parts of wudu' become dry, muwalat is not harmed. | Observing muwalat in the acts of wudu' is among the requirements of its correctness meaning that the person should not make such a long pause that in normal weather, previous parts of wudu' become dry.<ref>Banīhāshimī Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marajiʿ'', vol. 1, p. 173, issue 283-284.</ref> Thus, if due to hot weather or wind, previous parts of wudu' become dry, muwalat is not harmed. | ||
====Adhan and Iqamah==== | ====Adhan and Iqamah==== | ||
{{main|Adhan | Iqamah}} | {{main|Adhan | Iqamah}} | ||
Based on the [[fatwa]] of the majority of [[Shi'a]] jurists, adhan and iqamah are [[recommended]], but the requirement for their correctness is observing muwalat between their phrases, meaning that every phrase should be said immediately after another and the pause between them should not be unusually long. | Based on the [[fatwa]] of the majority of [[Shi'a]] jurists, adhan and iqamah are [[recommended]], but the requirement for their correctness is observing muwalat between their phrases,<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā'', vol. 2, p. 425.</ref> meaning that every phrase should be said immediately after another and the pause between them should not be unusually long. | ||
== Muwalat in Ghusl == | == Muwalat in Ghusl == | ||
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[[Ghusl]] can be performed in two methods, sequential and by immersion. | [[Ghusl]] can be performed in two methods, sequential and by immersion. | ||
In sequential ghusl that first the head and neck and then the right side of the body and then the lift side are washed, observing muwalat is not a condition, meaning that a person can make pauses between washing different parts of the body. But, in ghusl by immersion in which the body is immersed into water at once, observing muwalat is a condition for correctness of ghusl. | In sequential ghusl that first the head and neck and then the right side of the body and then the lift side are washed, observing muwalat is not a condition, meaning that a person can make pauses between washing different parts of the body.<ref>Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''Muʿtaṣam al-shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 423.</ref> But, in ghusl by immersion in which the body is immersed into water at once, observing muwalat is a condition for correctness of ghusl. | ||
== Muwalat in Religious Contracts == | == Muwalat in Religious Contracts == | ||
Religious contracts such as selling, buying and marriage have two parts of offer and acceptance, meaning that expressing consent by each party is required to be performed using a certain formula for binding these contracts. Some [[jurist]]s consider muwalat between these parts obligatory. | Religious contracts such as selling, buying and marriage have two parts of offer and acceptance, meaning that expressing consent by each party is required to be performed using a certain formula for binding these contracts. Some [[jurist]]s consider muwalat between these parts obligatory.<ref>Sheikh Anṣārī, ''Kitāb Makāsib wa al-bayʿ wa al-khiyārāt'', vol. 3, p. 157-161.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | {{notes}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | * Baṣmajī, Sāʾir. ''Muʿjam muṣṭalaḥāt al-fāz al-fiqh al-Islāmī''. Damascus: Ṣafaḥāt li-Dirasāt al-Nashr, 2009. | ||
* | * Banīhāshimī Khomeinī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥasan. ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marajiʿ''. Tehran: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī-yi wābasti bi Jāmiʿa-yi Mudarrisīn-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmīyya-yi Qom, 1383 Sh. | ||
* Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. ''Muʿtaṣam al-shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa''. Tehran: Madrasa Ālī Shahīd Muṭaharī, 1429 AH. | |||
* | |||
* Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. ''Mustamsak al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | * Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. ''Mustamsak al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]. | ||
* Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Edited by Aḥmad Fāris. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li-Ṭibāʿa, 1414 AH. | |||
* Kāshif al-Ghitāʾ, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. ''Suʾāl wa jawāb''. Muʾassisa Kāshif al-Ghitāʾ, [n.d]. | |||
* Mishkinī, ʿAlī. ''Muṣṭalaḥāt al-fiqh''. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1428 AH. | |||
* Sheikh Anṣārī, Murtaḍā b. Muḥammad Amīn. ''Kitāb Makāsib wa al-bayʿ wa al-khiyārāt''. Qom: Kungira-yi Jahānī Buzurgdāsht-i Sheikh Aʿzam Anṣārī, 1415 AH. | |||
* Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1419 AH. | * Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1419 AH. | ||
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{{Prayer}} | {{Prayer}} | ||
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