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Tatbir: Difference between revisions
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==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:قمه زنی در تهران دوره قاجار.jpg|200px|thumb|Tatbir in [[Tehran]] in the [[Qajar]] era]] | |||
===Origin=== | ===Origin=== | ||
Different views have been suggested as to the origin of tatbir. Some people consider it as a symbol for | Different views have been suggested as to the origin of tatbir. Some people consider it as a symbol for [[Lady Zaynab]]'s (a) reaction when she saw Imam al-Husayn's head on top of a spear on the way of the [[Captives of Karbala|caravan]] from [[Karbala]] to Syria (al-Sham), lost control of herself, and beat her head on howdah, as a result of which blood ran from her head. Many scholars believe that the story is not well-documented. According to [[Shaykh 'Abbas al-Qummi]] in his ''[[Muntaha al-amal]]'', the source of the story is ''[[Nur al-'Ayn fi mashhad al-Husayn (a) (book)|Nur al-'Ayn]]'' and ''[[Al-Muntakhab fi jam' al-marathi wa l-khutab (book)|al-Muntakhab]]'', both of which are not reliable enough. The story does not appear in any other reliable sources or early books of [[maqtal]]. Moreover, the story of Zaynab's (a) beating her head on the howdah is rationally implausible as well. | ||
To the contrary, others believe that tatbir has no Islamic origin. | To the contrary, others believe that tatbir has no Islamic origin. [[Murtada Mutahhari]] believes that "Tatbir and carrying drums and horns came to Iran from Orthodox people in Caucasia, and since people were ready to accept them, they quickly spread all over the place." [[Ali Shari'ati]] believes that tatbir and other similar practices come from ceremonies of the passions of the Christ, held by Orthodox Christians on anniversaries of the "murder" of [[Jesus (a)]]. However, others believe that tatbir was common among Iraqi Turks, [[Sufi]] sects (including Qizilbash), and Kurds in Western Iran, and it spread to Iraq through Turkish pilgrims. | ||
===Backgrounds of Tatbir in Iran=== | ===Backgrounds of Tatbir in Iran=== | ||
Tatbir in Iran dates back to the Safavid period. In some books of travel by Europeans of the time, tatbir and beating with blades are referred to, including in a report by Adam Olearius about a ritual of beating with blades on the Day of Ashura in Ardabil in the period of Shah Safi. The practice became very common in the Qajar period, especially during the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. 'Abd Allah Mustawfi believe that the cause of the propagation of this practice was Mulla Aqa Darbandi, a scholar of the period of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. | Tatbir in Iran dates back to the Safavid period. In some books of travel by Europeans of the time, tatbir and beating with blades are referred to, including in a report by Adam Olearius about a ritual of beating with blades on the Day of Ashura in Ardabil in the period of Shah Safi. The practice became very common in the Qajar period, especially during the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. 'Abd Allah Mustawfi believe that the cause of the propagation of this practice was Mulla Aqa Darbandi, a scholar of the period of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. | ||
There are reports of tatbir rituals in books of travel by tourists and other foreign visitors to Iran at the time who witnessed Muharram mourning ceremonies; for example, Dr. Feuvrier, Nasir al-Din | There are reports of tatbir rituals in books of travel by tourists and other foreign visitors to Iran at the time who witnessed Muharram mourning ceremonies; for example, Dr. Feuvrier, Nasir al-Din Shah's physician, Henry Rene D'Allemagne, and Benjamin the great ambassador of the USA in the period of Nasir al-Din Shah. | ||
In the period of Reza Shah, tatbir as well as other mourning rituals were banned since 1314. The ban continued until 1320 when Reza Shah was removed from power. After that, its ban was lifted, and tatbir was resumed in some areas of Iran. In the period of Pahlavi, tatbir flourished and declined at different times. In some years (including 1343) it was banned at the command of Shahrbani (police) or SAVAK, and in some years, it was freely practiced. | In the period of Reza Shah, tatbir as well as other mourning rituals were banned since 1314. The ban continued until 1320 when Reza Shah was removed from power. After that, its ban was lifted, and tatbir was resumed in some areas of Iran. In the period of Pahlavi, tatbir flourished and declined at different times. In some years (including 1343) it was banned at the command of Shahrbani (police) or SAVAK, and in some years, it was freely practiced. | ||