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Sura al-Tawba: Difference between revisions
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==Imam ʿAli (a) and the Mission of Declaring the Sura== | ==Imam ʿAli (a) and the Mission of Declaring the Sura== | ||
According to Tafsir nimuna, almost all Muslim exegetes and historians agree that upon the revelation of Sura al-Tawba (or at least its opening verses), the treaties between the Prophet (s) and polytheists were revoked. In 9 AH, the Prophet (s) commissioned Abu Bakr to declare the decree to all people during the Hajj season, but he then cancelled Abu Bakr’s mission and commissioned Imam | According to ''[[Tafsir-i nimuna]]'', almost all Muslim exegetes and historians agree that upon the [[revelation]] of Sura al-Tawba (or at least its opening verses), the treaties between the Prophet (s) and polytheists were revoked. In [[9 AH]]/630, the Prophet (s) commissioned [[Abu Bakr]] to declare the decree to all people during the [[Hajj]] season, but he then cancelled Abu Bakr’s mission and commissioned [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] to declare the order to people in [[Mecca]]. The event is cited in many [[Sunni]] sources, albeit with slight verbal differences. For instance, [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]] reports in his ''Musnad'' that the Prophet (s) sent Abu Bakr to declare Sura al-Tawba to people, but he then sent ʿAli (a) to take the message from him, saying: “this sura should only be declared by someone who is from me and whom I am from.” It should be noted that Imam ʿAli (a) himself appealed to this event as a proof for his superiority over other [[companions of the Prophet (s)]] and as evidence for his entitlement for the position of [[caliphate]]. | ||
==Well-Known Verses== | ==Well-Known Verses== | ||
===Verse of Repudiation=== | ===Verse of Repudiation=== | ||
The opening verses of Sura al-Tawba are called Verses of Repudiation or Baraʿa Verses, in which the ultimate rulings about the relations between | The opening verses of Sura al-Tawba are called Verses of Repudiation or Baraʿa Verses, in which the ultimate rulings about the relations between [[Muslim]]s and [[polytheists]] are issued. In these verses, [[God]] commands the Prophet (s) and Muslims to publicly declare their repudiation of polytheists, to exit the treaties they had made with them, and to declare war against them if they do not convert to Islam. The verses were declared to polytheists on the day of [[Eid al-Adha]] by Imam ʿAli (a). | ||
According to Quranic exegetes, the unilateral repeal of the treaty with Muslims was not abrupt. It was preceded by a breach on the part of polytheists. For this reason, by these same verses, the treaty with polytheists who had not breached their agreements was still respected by Muslims. Moreover, those treaties are said to have been provisional from the beginning. | According to Quranic exegetes, the unilateral repeal of the treaty with Muslims was not abrupt. It was preceded by a breach on the part of polytheists. For this reason, by these same verses, the treaty with polytheists who had not breached their agreements was still respected by Muslims. Moreover, those treaties are said to have been provisional from the beginning. | ||
According to | According to [[Muhammad Jawad Mughniyya]], the emphasis in these verses that polytheists in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] should be forced to convert to Islam or to prepare for a war is not incompatible with the fact that Islam should not be imposed on anyone, which is asserted in other Quranic verses. This is because polytheists in the Arabian Peninsula constantly breached their treaties and threatened the newly established Islamic community, which is why the ruling only applies to them. | ||
===Verse of Siqayat al-Hajj=== | ===Verse of Siqayat al-Hajj=== | ||
In | In [[Shia]] and Sunni sources, there are many [[hadith]]s about the occasion of the [[revelation]] of this verse. According to one hadith, which is deemed the most accurate by ''[[Tafsir-i nimuna]]'', a dispute occurred between Shayba and [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]], the Prophet’s uncle. ʿAbbas boasted about his position of [[Siqayat al-Hajj|“siqaya”]] (provision of water for hajj pilgrims) and Shayba boasted about his position of holding the [[Ka'ba]]’s key. Imam ʿAli (a) entered and said that his honor was his early faith and jihad in the way of God. ʿAbbas was angered and complained to the Prophet (s). When Imam ʿAli (a) went to the Prophet (s), the above verse was revealed, in which faith and jihad are said to be superior. | ||
===Verse of Jizya=== | ===Verse of Jizya=== | ||
===Verse of “Do Not Grieve”=== | ===Verse of “Do Not Grieve”=== | ||
The Verse of “La Tahzan” or “do not grieve” concerns the | The Verse of “La Tahzan” or “do not grieve” concerns the [[Prophet's migration from Mecca to Medina]]. When the Prophet (s) learned about the plot for his murder through revelation, he and Abu Bakr left [[Mecca]] toward [[Yathrib]] through a detour until they arrive in [[Thawr Cave]], where they hid. | ||
===Verse of Permission (Idhn)=== | ===Verse of Permission (Idhn)=== | ||
===Al-Sadiqin Verse=== | ===Al-Sadiqin Verse=== | ||
There are disagreements among Quranic exegetes over what is meant by “Sadiqin” (the truthful). Some Sunni exegetes believe that it refers to the Prophet and his companions, but Shiite exegetes cite hadiths to show that it refers to Infallible Imams. | There are disagreements among Quranic exegetes over what is meant by “Sadiqin” (the truthful). Some Sunni exegetes believe that it refers to the Prophet (s) and his companions, but Shiite exegetes cite hadiths to show that it refers to [[Infallible Imams]]. | ||
===Nafr Verse=== | ===Nafr Verse=== | ||
Verse 122 of Sura al-Tawba is known as the Verse of Nafr. The verse is said to be Quranic evidence for the obligation of learning, the reliability or authoritativeness of Khabar al-Wahid and | Verse 122 of Sura al-Tawba is known as the Verse of Nafr. The verse is said to be Quranic evidence for the obligation of learning, the reliability or authoritativeness of [[Khabar al-Wahid]] and [[fatwa]]s issued by [[mujtahid]]s. | ||
==Verses of Jurisprudential Rulings== | ==Verses of Jurisprudential Rulings== | ||
There are about fifteen verses in Sura al-Tawba, which count as ayat al-ahkam (verses of jurisprudential rulings). Major rulings inferred by | There are about fifteen verses in Sura al-Tawba, which count as [[ayat al-ahkam]] (verses of jurisprudential rulings). Major rulings inferred by [[jurist]]s from these verses include the rulings of [[zakat]] and the way it should be spent, the rulings of [[jihad]] and three groups of people being exempt from it, and impurity of polytheists. Moreover, these verses are said to imply certain principles of [[jurisprudence]] and its principles. For instance, the Verse of Nafr is said to imply [[Khabar al-Wahid]], verse 115 is said to imply the presumption of innocence (asl al-baraʾa), and verse 91 implies the principle of benefaction (al-ihsan). | ||
==Virtues and Features== | ==Virtues and Features== | ||
There is a hadith from the Prophet (s) to the effect that, on the day of resurrection, he would intercede for and testify in favor of those who recite Sura al-Anfal and Sura al-Tawba, since they are pure from hypocrisy, they are given ten | There is a hadith from the Prophet (s) to the effect that, on the [[day of resurrection]], he would intercede for and testify in favor of those who recite [[Sura al-Anfal]] and Sura al-Tawba, since they are pure from hypocrisy, they are given ten [[reward]]s for every hypocrite (munafiq) man and woman in the world, he is purified from ten [[sins]], ten degrees are added to his degrees, and the Throne and its bearers send greetings to him during his life in the world. [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] is quoted as saying that those who recite Sura al-Anfal and al-Tawba every month, hypocrisy will never creep into their hearts. ''[[Tafsir al-'Ayyashi]]'' makes the following comment on the latter hadith: such a person will live on heavenly tables together with Shias until people’s deeds in the world are reckoned. It is recommended to recite Sura al-Tawba every month. | ||
There are hadiths in which certain benefits are attributed to the recitation of this sura, such as immunity from fire, protection against wild animals (by recitation of verses 128 and 129 of the sura). | There are hadiths in which certain benefits are attributed to the [[recitation]] of this sura, such as immunity from fire, protection against wild animals (by recitation of verses 128 and 129 of the sura). | ||
==Monographs== | ==Monographs== | ||
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