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Ikrima b. Abi Jahl: Difference between revisions
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'''ʿIkrima b. | '''ʿIkrima b. Abī Jahl''' (Arabic:{{ia|عِکْرِمَة بن أبي جَهْل}}) (d. [[13 AH|13]]/634-5 or [[15 AH|15]]/636-7 ) was a senior figure of the [[Quraysh tribe]] who was hostile toward the [[Prophet (s)]], but soon after the [[Conquest of Mecca]], he converted to Islam and became one of the [[companions of the Prophet (s)]]. Early after the Prophet’s [[bi'tha]] (beginning of the prophetical mission), he was an enemy of the Prophet (s) and participated in the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], and [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] against the Islamic army. His father, [[Abu Jahl]], was also a senior figure in [[Mecca]] and an enemy of the Prophet (s). | ||
After the | After the Conquest of Mecca, the Prophet (s) issued an amnesty for all inhabitants of Mecca, except a few, including 'Ikrima b. Abi Jahl. 'Ikrima fled to [[Yemen]], but his wife went to the Prophet (s) and received a safety conduct for her husband. After the safety conduct, he returned to Mecca and converted to Islam. After the [[Demise of the Prophet (s)|Prophet’s demise]], [[Abu Bakr]] appointed 'Ikrima as a commander of [[Ridda wars]]. Finally, 'Ikrima was killed in the [[Battle of the Yarmuk]]. | ||
==Family and Characteristics== | ==Family and Characteristics== | ||
'Ikrima, [[Abu Jahl]]’s son, was from the | 'Ikrima, [[Abu Jahl]]’s son, was from the Quraysh tribe, Banu Makhzum clan.<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> | ||
'Ikrima did not have a posterity<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 334.</ref> because his son 'Umar was killed in the Battle of Yarmuk.<ref>Ibn Athīr,''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 681.</ref> | 'Ikrima did not have a posterity<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 334.</ref> because his son 'Umar was killed in the Battle of Yarmuk.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 681.</ref> | ||
'Ikrima was known as a nobleman in [[Mecca]]<ref>Balādhurī,''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 312.</ref> and a senior figure of the [[period of Jahiliyya]].<ref>Dhahabī,''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> He is also described as a well-known brave warrior.<ref>Ibn Kalbī, ''Jumhurat al-nasab'', p. 85.</ref> His wife was Umm Halim<ref>Ibn Kalbī, ''Jumhurat al-nasab'', p. 86.</ref> or Umm Hakim, the daughter of Harith b. Hisham<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr,'' | 'Ikrima was known as a nobleman in [[Mecca]]<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 312.</ref> and a senior figure of the [[period of Jahiliyya]].<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> He is also described as a well-known brave warrior.<ref>Ibn Kalbī, ''Jumhurat al-nasab'', p. 85.</ref> His wife was Umm Halim<ref>Ibn Kalbī, ''Jumhurat al-nasab'', p. 86.</ref> or Umm Hakim, the daughter of Harith b. Hisham<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb, vol. 4, p. 932.</ref>, who received a safety conduct for him from the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 4, p. 155.</ref> | ||
==Hostility toward the Prophet (s)== | ==Hostility toward the Prophet (s)== | ||
Just like his father, 'Ikrima was hostile toward the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol.4, p. 443.</ref> He participated in the [[Battle of Badr]] against the polytheists and killed a person from [[Ansar]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 301.</ref> Moreover, he amputated the hand of a person who had a role in killing his father.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'' ,vol. 7, p. 258.</ref> | Just like his father, 'Ikrima was hostile toward the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 4, p. 443.</ref> He participated in the [[Battle of Badr]] against the polytheists and killed a person from [[Ansar]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 301.</ref> Moreover, he amputated the hand of a person who had a role in killing his father.<ref>Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 7, p. 258.</ref> | ||
In the [[Battle of Uhud]], 'Ikrima was the commander of a part of the polytheist army.<ref>Balādhurī,''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 316.</ref> When Muslim archers left the mountain pass, he and [[Khalid b. al-Walid]] attacked Muslims from behind, which caused the defeat of the Islamic army.<ref>Ibn Sayyid, ''ʿUyūn al-athar'', vol. 2, p. 19.</ref> | In the [[Battle of Uhud]], 'Ikrima was the commander of a part of the polytheist army.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 316.</ref> When Muslim archers left the mountain pass, he and [[Khalid b. al-Walid]] attacked Muslims from behind, which caused the defeat of the Islamic army.<ref>Ibn Sayyid, ''ʿUyūn al-athar'', vol. 2, p. 19.</ref> | ||
After the Battle of Uhud, 'Ikrima, [[Abu Sufyan]], and [[Abu l-A'war al-Sulami]] received a safety conduct from the Prophet (s), and then went to [[Medina]] to negotiate with him. They asked the Prophet (s) not to slander al-Lat, al-'Uzza, and Manat and to state that they are beneficial, so that they would say nothing about the God of Muslims. These words upset the Prophet (s), who ordered them to leave Medina. At that time, the first verse of [[Quran 33]] was revealed: | |||
{{pull quote | {{pull quote | ||
|O Prophet! Be wary of Allah and do not obey the faithless and the hypocrites. Indeed Allah is all-knowing, all-wise. | |O Prophet! Be wary of Allah and do not obey the faithless and the hypocrites. Indeed Allah is all-knowing, all-wise. | ||
|author=Quran | |author=Quran | ||
|source=33:1}} <ref>Wāḥidī, ''Asbāb al-nuzūl al-Qurʾān'', p. 364.</ref> | |source=33:1}} <ref>Wāḥidī, ''Asbāb al-nuzūl al-Qurʾān'', p. 364.</ref> | ||
'Ikrima participated in the [[Battle of the Trench]] as well. Together with [['Amr b. 'Abd Wadd]], he passed the trench and went inside the Muslim army. However, when 'Amr was killed, he returned.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> | 'Ikrima participated in the [[Battle of the Trench]] as well. Together with [['Amr b. 'Abd Wadd]], he passed the trench and went inside the Muslim army. However, when 'Amr was killed, he returned.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> | ||
==Conversion to Islam== | ==Conversion to Islam== | ||
After the [[Conquest of Mecca]], the Prophet gave a public amnesty to all inhabitants of Mecca, except a few, including 'Ikrima b. Abi Jahl.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 2, p. 195.</ref> For this reason, 'Ikrima fled to [[Yemen]], but his wife went to the Prophet and received a safety conduct for him. She then brought 'Ikrima from Yemen to Mecca.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 4, p. 155.</ref> 'Ikrima converted to Islam in the presence of the Prophet (s). He swore that he would spend for Islam the double of what he had spent against it.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 4, p. 156.</ref> | After the [[Conquest of Mecca]], the Prophet (s) gave a public amnesty to all inhabitants of Mecca, except a few, including 'Ikrima b. Abi Jahl.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 2, p. 195.</ref> For this reason, 'Ikrima fled to [[Yemen]], but his wife went to the Prophet (s) and received a safety conduct for him. She then brought 'Ikrima from Yemen to Mecca.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 4, p. 155.</ref> 'Ikrima converted to Islam in the presence of the Prophet (s). He swore that he would spend for Islam the double of what he had spent against it.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 4, p. 156.</ref> | ||
After the [[Battle of Hunayn]], the Prophet (s) divided the booties of the war only among the [[Quraysh]] to | After the [[Battle of Hunayn]], the Prophet (s) divided the booties of the war only among the [[Quraysh]] to reconcile their hearts, including 'Ikrima b. Abi Jahl.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 145.</ref> During his [[Farewell Hajj]], the Prophet (s) appointed 'Ikrima in charge of collecting the [[zakat]] of the Hawazin tribe.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 6, p. 4.</ref> | ||
After the Prophet’s demise, [[Abu Bakr]] sent 'Ikrima to [[Ridda wars]] to fight people like [[Ash'ath b. Qays]]<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 1, p. 57.</ref>, [[Musaylama]]<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 2, p. 360.</ref>, and some other [[apostates]] in [[Oman]].<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> He then appointed him as the ruler of some areas in the [[Levant]].<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> | After the Prophet’s demise, [[Abu Bakr]] sent 'Ikrima to [[Ridda wars]] to fight people like [[Ash'ath b. Qays]]<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 1, p. 57.</ref>, [[Musaylama]]<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 2, p. 360.</ref>, and some other [[apostates]] in [[Oman]].<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> He then appointed him as the ruler of some areas in the [[Levant]].<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
'Ikrima was killed in the [[Battle of Yarmuk]] in [[15 AH|15]]/636-7 during the [[second caliph]].<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''Al-Iṣāba'', vol. 4, p. 443.</ref> His son 'Umar was killed in the same battle.<ref>Ibn Athīr,''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 681.</ref> According to some sources, 'Ikrima was killed in the Battle of Ajnadayn and according to others in the Battle of Marj al-Suffar in [[13 AH|13]]/634-5.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 3, p. 1083.</ref> | 'Ikrima was killed in the [[Battle of Yarmuk]] in [[15 AH|15]]/636-7 during the [[second caliph]].<ref>Ibn Ḥajar, ''Al-Iṣāba'', vol. 4, p. 443.</ref> His son 'Umar was killed in the same battle.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 681.</ref> According to some sources, 'Ikrima was killed in the Battle of Ajnadayn and according to others in the Battle of Marj al-Suffar in [[13 AH|13]]/634-5.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 3, p. 1083.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Suhayl Zakār & Riyāḍ al-Ziriklī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH. | |||
* Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-Islām''. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1409 AH. | |||
* Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba''. Edited by Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Bannā, Muḥammad Aḥmad Āshūr, Muḥmūd ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Fāyid. Beirut: 1409 AH. | * Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba''. Edited by Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Bannā, Muḥammad Aḥmad Āshūr, Muḥmūd ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Fāyid. Beirut: 1409 AH. | ||
* Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965. | * Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965. | ||
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* Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif''. Edited by Tharwat ʿAkkāsha. Cairo: al-Hayʾat al-Misrīyya al-ʿĀmma li l-Kitāb, 1992 CE. | * Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif''. Edited by Tharwat ʿAkkāsha. Cairo: al-Hayʾat al-Misrīyya al-ʿĀmma li l-Kitāb, 1992 CE. | ||
* Ibn Kalbī, Hisham b. Muḥammad. ''Jumhurat al-nasab''. Edited by Nājī Ḥasan. Beirut: 1407 AH. | * Ibn Kalbī, Hisham b. Muḥammad. ''Jumhurat al-nasab''. Edited by Nājī Ḥasan. Beirut: 1407 AH. | ||
* Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā l-ʿibād''. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413 AH. | * Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā l-ʿibād''. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413 AH. | ||
* Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Second edition. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH. | * Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Second edition. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH. | ||
* Wāḥidī, Alī b. Aḥmad. ''Asbāb al-nuzūl al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1411 AH. | * Wāḥidī, Alī b. Aḥmad. ''Asbāb al-nuzūl al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1411 AH. | ||
* Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH. | * Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH. | ||
* Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn al-. ''Al-Aʿlām''. Eighth edition. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyyīn, 1989. | |||
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