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Burial Place of Lady Fatima (a): Difference between revisions
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There are works written about the [[burial]] place of Lady Fatima (a), such as ''Marqad Sayyidat al-Nisaʾ Fatimat al-Shahidat al-Zahra (a) fi ayy makan?'' (Where is the mausoleum of the Mistress of All Ladies the martyr Fatima al-Zahra?) and ''Ayn qabr Fatima?'' (Where is Fatima’s grave?). | There are works written about the [[burial]] place of Lady Fatima (a), such as ''Marqad Sayyidat al-Nisaʾ Fatimat al-Shahidat al-Zahra (a) fi ayy makan?'' (Where is the mausoleum of the Mistress of All Ladies the martyr Fatima al-Zahra?) and ''Ayn qabr Fatima?'' (Where is Fatima’s grave?). | ||
==Significance of Her Burial Place== | ==Significance of Her Burial Place== | ||
Shiite theological works discuss the issue of Lady Fatima's (a) burial place, which is often cited by Shiite theologians to rebuke the first caliph, [[Abu Bakr]].<ref>Ḥillī, ''Kashf al-murād'', p. 373.</ref> According to Shia belief, Lady Fatima's (a) burial place remains unknown because of her dissatisfaction with Abu Bakr and 'Umar for their usurpation of the [[caliphate]] and [[Usurpation of Fadak|confiscation of Fadak]]. In fact, [[Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Jalali]] (d. 2020) suggests that Lady Fatima (a) willed to be buried secretly to ensure that those responsible for her [[martyrdom]] would never be forgotten throughout history. | Shiite theological works discuss the issue of Lady Fatima's (a) burial place, which is often cited by Shiite theologians to rebuke the first caliph, [[Abu Bakr]].<ref>Ḥillī, ''Kashf al-murād'', p. 373.</ref> According to Shia belief, Lady Fatima's (a) burial place remains unknown because of her dissatisfaction with Abu Bakr and 'Umar for their usurpation of the [[caliphate]] and [[Usurpation of Fadak|confiscation of Fadak]].<ref>Tabrīzī, ''Sīra-yi Ustād al-fuqahāʾ wa l-mujtahidin Mīrzā Jawād Tabrīzī'', p. 89; Mazāhirī, ''Andīsha-ʾī nāb'', p. 65.</ref> In fact, [[Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Jalali]] (d. 2020) suggests that Lady Fatima (a) willed to be buried secretly to ensure that those responsible for her [[martyrdom]] would never be forgotten throughout history.<ref>Ḥusaynī Jalālī, ''Fihras al-turāth'', p. 71.</ref> | ||
==Possible Locations== | ==Possible Locations== | ||
Shiite scholars have put forth speculations about the burial place of Lady Fatima (a). The majority view among Shiite scholars is that she was laid to rest in her own house, although [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] notes that most Shiite scholars take the place of her burial to be in [[Rawdat al-Nabi]]. Other possibilities have also been propounded in Shiite sources, such as [[al-Baqi']] cemetery and [[Aqil b. Abi Talib|'Aqil’s]] house ([[Monuments of al-Baqi'#Monuments of Shiite Imams|the mausoleum of the Imams buried in al-Baqi']]). | Shiite scholars have put forth speculations about the burial place of Lady Fatima (a).<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 301.</ref> The majority view among Shiite scholars is that she was laid to rest in her own house,<ref>Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, ''Al-duʿā wa l-zīyāra'', p. 588; Anṣārī, ''Al-Mawsūʿat al-kubrā'', vol. 16, p. 113.</ref> although [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] notes that most Shiite scholars take the place of her burial to be in [[Rawdat al-Nabi]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 711.</ref> Other possibilities have also been propounded in Shiite sources, such as [[al-Baqi']]<ref>Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 1, p. 501.</ref> cemetery and [[Aqil b. Abi Talib|'Aqil’s]] house ([[Monuments of al-Baqi'#Monuments of Shiite Imams|the mausoleum of the Imams buried in al-Baqi']]).<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 79, p. 27.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili|Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-Amili]], a Shiite researcher of history, believes that determining the exact location of Lady Fatima’s burial place is impossible. According to al-Shaykh al-Tusi and [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi,]] it is best to visit Lady Fatima (a) in all three potential locations: Rawdat al-Nabi, her house, and al-Baqi'. In his ''[[Misbah al-za'ir (book)|Misbah al-za'ir]]'', [[Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Tawus|Sayyid b. Tawus]] believes that the pilgrimage place of Lady Fatima (a) is Rawdat al-Nabi, but in his [[Iqbal al-a'mal (book)|''al-Iqbal'']], he says that it is the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi#The House and the Burial Place of Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet’s chamber]]. | [[Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili|Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-Amili]], a Shiite researcher of history, believes that determining the exact location of Lady Fatima’s burial place is impossible. According to al-Shaykh al-Tusi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 711.</ref> and [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi,]] it is best to visit Lady Fatima (a) in all three potential locations: Rawdat al-Nabi, her house, and al-Baqi'.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 711.</ref> In his ''[[Misbah al-za'ir (book)|Misbah al-za'ir]]'', [[Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Tawus|Sayyid b. Tawus]] believes that the pilgrimage place of Lady Fatima (a) is Rawdat al-Nabi, but in his [[Iqbal al-a'mal (book)|''al-Iqbal'']], he says that it is the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi#The House and the Burial Place of Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet’s chamber]]. | ||
=== Lady Fatima’s House === | === Lady Fatima’s House === | ||
[[File:نقشه مرقد پیامبر و بیت فاطمه.jpg|thumbnail|right|The map of Fatima's house in [[Masjid al-Nabawi]], which is one of the possibilities of the burial place of [[Fatima (a)]].]] | [[File:نقشه مرقد پیامبر و بیت فاطمه.jpg|thumbnail|right|The map of Fatima's house in [[Masjid al-Nabawi]], which is one of the possibilities of the burial place of [[Fatima (a)]].]] | ||
The majority view among Shiite scholars is that [[Lady Fatimah al-Zahra' (a)|Fatima (a)]] was buried in her residence. This possibility is preferred by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]], [[Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Tawus|Ibn Tawus]], [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi|'Allama al-Majlisi]], and [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin|Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]]. In support of this view, they cite a hadith from [[Imam Ali b. Musa al-Rida (a)|Imam al-Rida (a)]] according to which Lady Fatima (a) was buried in her own house, and when the [[Umayyad dynasty]] expanded [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al-Nabi]], her house was incorporated within the mosque. | The majority view among Shiite scholars is that [[Lady Fatimah al-Zahra' (a)|Fatima (a)]] was buried in her residence.<ref>Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, ''Al-duʿā wa l-zīyāra'', p. 588; Anṣārī, ''Al-Mawsūʿat al-kubrā'', vol. 16, p. 113.</ref> This possibility is preferred by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]], [[Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Tawus|Ibn Tawus]], [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi|'Allama al-Majlisi]], and [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin|Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]]. In support of this view, they cite a hadith from [[Imam Ali b. Musa al-Rida (a)|Imam al-Rida (a)]] according to which Lady Fatima (a) was buried in her own house, and when the [[Umayyad dynasty]] expanded [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al-Nabi]], her house was incorporated within the mosque. | ||
Some Shiite scholars believe that the hadith in which Imam 'Ali (a) refers to Fatima (a) as being “buried adjacent to the Prophet (s)” corroborates the view that she was buried in her own house, since the closest place to the burial site of the Prophet was her residence. | Some Shiite scholars believe that the hadith in which Imam 'Ali (a) refers to Fatima (a) as being “buried adjacent to the Prophet (s)” corroborates the view that she was buried in her own house, since the closest place to the burial site of the Prophet was her residence. | ||
Some Shiite researchers argue that it is unlikely for Fatima to be buried in her own house as this contradicts the [[Hadith|hadiths]] which state that [[Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|Imam Ali (a)]] carried her body outside of the house during her [[Funeral Procession|funeral]]. However, some speculate that either the funeral did not involve the body or was intentionally misleading as to the location of her burial. Another Shiite researcher suggests that the funeral procession started from another house belonging to 'Ali and Fatima, located in close proximity to [[al-Baqi']], and proceeded towards the other residence of 'Ali and Fatima. According to this viewpoint, the events following the death of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet (s)]], such as the attack on Fatima's house, occurred in the house situated near al-Baqi'. | Some Shiite researchers argue that it is unlikely for Fatima to be buried in her own house as this contradicts the [[Hadith|hadiths]] which state that [[Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|Imam Ali (a)]] carried her body outside of the house during her [[Funeral Procession|funeral]]. However, some speculate that either the funeral did not involve the body<ref>Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, ''Al-duʿā wa l-zīyāra'', p. 588.</ref> or was intentionally misleading as to the location of her burial. Another Shiite researcher suggests that the funeral procession started from another house belonging to 'Ali and Fatima, located in close proximity to [[al-Baqi']], and proceeded towards the other residence of 'Ali and Fatima. According to this viewpoint, the events following the death of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet (s)]], such as the attack on Fatima's house, occurred in the house situated near al-Baqi'. | ||
=== Rawdat al-Nabi === | === Rawdat al-Nabi === | ||
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In his ''[[al-Muqna'a]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] supports Fatima’s burial in Rawdat al-Nabi as the most accurate possibility. The Shiite scholar of hadith al-Shaykh al-Tusi claims that most Shiite scholars believe that Fatima (a) was buried in Rawda. The area known as Rawdat al-Nabi lies between the Prophet's minbar and his burial place within [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al-Nabi]], which is referred to by the Prophet (s) as a "rawda" (garden or a green area) among the "rawdas" of the [[heaven]]. According to a hadith cited in ''[[Ma'ani l-akhbar (book)|Ma'ani l-akhbar]]'', this designation is due to Fatima's burial at the site. | In his ''[[al-Muqna'a]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] supports Fatima’s burial in Rawdat al-Nabi as the most accurate possibility. The Shiite scholar of hadith al-Shaykh al-Tusi claims that most Shiite scholars believe that Fatima (a) was buried in Rawda. The area known as Rawdat al-Nabi lies between the Prophet's minbar and his burial place within [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al-Nabi]], which is referred to by the Prophet (s) as a "rawda" (garden or a green area) among the "rawdas" of the [[heaven]]. According to a hadith cited in ''[[Ma'ani l-akhbar (book)|Ma'ani l-akhbar]]'', this designation is due to Fatima's burial at the site. | ||
[[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi]], a sixth/twelfth century exegete of the [[Qur'an|Quran]] and theologian, and [[Ibn Shahrashub]], a sixth/twelfth century Quranic exegete and scholar of [[hadith]], believe that the two most probable speculations about Fatima’s burial place are her own house and Rawda. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi suggests that the two possibilities are close to each other. 'Allama al-Majlisi proposes a reconciliation between the two views, as most Shias hold the belief that Rawda encompasses Fatima’s house as well. For this reason, some researchers say that the Rawda view confirms the house view. | [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi]], a sixth/twelfth century exegete of the [[Qur'an|Quran]] and theologian, and [[Ibn Shahrashub]], a sixth/twelfth century Quranic exegete and scholar of [[hadith]], believe that the two most probable speculations about Fatima’s burial place are her own house and Rawda. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi suggests that the two possibilities are close to each other. 'Allama al-Majlisi proposes a reconciliation between the two views, as most Shias hold the belief that Rawda encompasses Fatima’s house as well.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 97, p. 193; Majlisī, ''Mirʾāt al-ʿuqūl'', vol. 5, p. 349.</ref> For this reason, some researchers say that the Rawda view confirms the house view. | ||
=== Al-Baqi' Cemetery === | === Al-Baqi' Cemetery === | ||
''Main article: [[Al-Baqi']]'' | ''Main article: [[Al-Baqi']]'' | ||
According to [[Ali b. Isa al-Irbili|Baha' al-Din al-Irbili]], a seventh/thirteenth Shiite historian, people and historiographers widely believe that Fatima was buried in al-Baqi'. He cites a hadith that confirms this possibility. However, he does not specify an exact location in the al-Baqi' cemetery for her resting place. | According to [[Ali b. Isa al-Irbili|Baha' al-Din al-Irbili]], a seventh/thirteenth Shiite historian, people and historiographers widely believe that Fatima was buried in al-Baqi'. He cites a hadith that confirms this possibility. However, he does not specify an exact location in the al-Baqi' cemetery for her resting place.<ref>Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 1, p. 501.</ref> | ||
Al-Shaykh al-Tusi and Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi dismiss this possibility as unlikely. This is supported by a hadith in ''[[Al-Kafi (book)|al-Kafi]]'', which implies that Fatima (a) was not buried in al-Baqi'. On this hadith, [[Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Mujtaba (a)|Imam al-Hasan (a)]] made a will to [[Imam al-Husayn b. Ali (a)|Imam al-Husayn (a)]] as follows: “after my martyrdom, take me to the mausoleum of the Prophet (s) so that I renew my allegiance to him. Then take me to my mother’s grave, and from there take me to al-Baqi'.” | Al-Shaykh al-Tusi and Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 301.</ref> dismiss this possibility as unlikely. This is supported by a hadith in ''[[Al-Kafi (book)|al-Kafi]]'', which implies that Fatima (a) was not buried in al-Baqi'. On this hadith, [[Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Mujtaba (a)|Imam al-Hasan (a)]] made a will to [[Imam al-Husayn b. Ali (a)|Imam al-Husayn (a)]] as follows: “after my martyrdom, take me to the mausoleum of the Prophet (s) so that I renew my allegiance to him. Then take me to my mother’s grave, and from there take me to al-Baqi'.” | ||
=== 'Aqil’s House (Mausoleum of the Imams in al-Baqi') === | === 'Aqil’s House (Mausoleum of the Imams in al-Baqi') === | ||
''Main article: [[Monuments of al-Baqi']]'' | ''Main article: [[Monuments of al-Baqi']]'' | ||
[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi|'Allama al-Majlisi]] quotes a [[hadith]] from ''Misbah al-anwar'' to the effect that Fatima (a) was laid to rest in the house of [[Aqil b. Abi Talib|'Aqil b. Abi Talib]]. This house was located in close proximity to the al-Baqi' cemetery. Over time, as [[Al-Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib|'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Imams of al-Baqi'|four Shiite Imams (a)]] were buried there, the house transformed from a private residence to a public place of pilgrimage. The house was incorporated into al-Baqi' when it was expanded. | [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi|'Allama al-Majlisi]] quotes a [[hadith]] from ''Misbah al-anwar'' to the effect that Fatima (a) was laid to rest in the house of [[Aqil b. Abi Talib|'Aqil b. Abi Talib]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 79, p. 27.</ref> This house was located in close proximity to the al-Baqi' cemetery. Over time, as [[Al-Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib|'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Imams of al-Baqi'|four Shiite Imams (a)]] were buried there, the house transformed from a private residence to a public place of pilgrimage. The house was incorporated into al-Baqi' when it was expanded. | ||
In a travelogue from the years 1302/1884-5 and 1303/1885-6, Muhammad Husayn Farahani, a Qajar-era author and poet, reports about a grave in the mausoleum of the Imams in al-Baqi'a, which was attributed to Lady Fatima (a). On his report, both Shiite and Sunni Muslims visited the place to recite a pilgrimage text ([[Ziyara-text|ziyara]]). | In a travelogue from the years 1302/1884-5 and 1303/1885-6, Muhammad Husayn Farahani, a Qajar-era author and poet, reports about a grave in the mausoleum of the Imams in al-Baqi'a, which was attributed to Lady Fatima (a). On his report, both Shiite and Sunni Muslims visited the place to recite a pilgrimage text ([[Ziyara-text|ziyara]]). | ||
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The Shiite scholars believe that [[Lady Fatimah al-Zahra' (a)|Fatima's]] grave remained concealed due to her own will for a secret burial. As per the Shiite sources, Fatima requested to be buried in secrecy because she believed that the [[caliphate]] was illegitimately taken away from [[Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|Imam 'Ali (a)]], [[Fadak]] was unlawfully seized from her, and Muslims failed to provide her with assistance. [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] has noted in his book ''Dala'il al-imama'' that Fatima (a) had requested for her burial place to remain clandestine.<ref>One reason for the concealment of the grave, which is explicitly mentioned in Fatima al-Zahra’s will, is to perpetuate dissatisfaction with the government of the time throughout history, as this would pose the question why the resting place of the Prophet’s only daughter should remain unknown.</ref> | The Shiite scholars believe that [[Lady Fatimah al-Zahra' (a)|Fatima's]] grave remained concealed due to her own will for a secret burial. As per the Shiite sources, Fatima requested to be buried in secrecy because she believed that the [[caliphate]] was illegitimately taken away from [[Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|Imam 'Ali (a)]], [[Fadak]] was unlawfully seized from her, and Muslims failed to provide her with assistance. [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] has noted in his book ''Dala'il al-imama'' that Fatima (a) had requested for her burial place to remain clandestine.<ref>One reason for the concealment of the grave, which is explicitly mentioned in Fatima al-Zahra’s will, is to perpetuate dissatisfaction with the government of the time throughout history, as this would pose the question why the resting place of the Prophet’s only daughter should remain unknown.</ref> | ||
Imam 'Ali buried Fatima (a) secretly under the veil of night and then obliterated any evidence of her grave. He went on to construct either forty or seven counterfeit graves to ensure that her actual burial place could not be identified. According to certain Shiite sources, it is said that [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] planned to exhume the graves and conduct a [[Funeral Prayer|funeral prayer]] for Fatima's body. However, upon Imam 'Ali’s warnings, he changed his mind. | Imam 'Ali buried Fatima (a) secretly under the veil of night and then obliterated any evidence of her grave. He went on to construct either forty or seven counterfeit graves to ensure that her actual burial place could not be identified. According to certain Shiite sources, it is said that [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] planned to exhume the graves and conduct a [[Funeral Prayer|funeral prayer]] for Fatima's body. However, upon Imam 'Ali’s warnings, he changed his mind.<ref>Hilālī, ''Kitāb Sulaym b. Qays'', vol. 2, p. 871; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 28, p. 304.</ref> | ||
According to reports, there is no conclusive evidence of the exact location of Fatima's (a) grave. Some Shiite scholars such as [[Al-Sayyid Nur Allah al-Husayni al-Shushtari|Qadi Nur Allah al-Shushtari]] and [[Sayyed Mohammad Shirazi]] believe that the location of her grave will be revealed by [[Imam Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Mahdi (a)|Imam al-Mahdi (a)]] upon his [[Reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (a)|reappearance]]. However, these claims are not substantiated by any evidence. | According to reports, there is no conclusive evidence of the exact location of Fatima's (a) grave. Some Shiite scholars such as [[Al-Sayyid Nur Allah al-Husayni al-Shushtari|Qadi Nur Allah al-Shushtari]] and [[Sayyed Mohammad Shirazi]] believe that the location of her grave will be revealed by [[Imam Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Mahdi (a)|Imam al-Mahdi (a)]] upon his [[Reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi (a)|reappearance]]. However, these claims are not substantiated by any evidence. | ||