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'''Maqām Ra's al-Ḥusayn (a) ''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| مقام رأسُ الحُسَین}}) refers to places where [[Imam al-Husayn (a)|Imam al-Husayn's (a)]] head is claimed to be buried or kept. There are monuments called "Maqam Ra's al-Husayn" in different cities. According to [[Shiite]] scholars, Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was eventually attached to his torso in [[Karbala]] and is buried where his torso is buried.
'''Maqām Ra's al-Ḥusayn (a) ''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| مقام رأسُ الحُسَین}}) refers to places where [[Imam al-Husayn (a)|Imam al-Husayn's (a)]] head is claimed to be buried or kept. There are monuments called "Maqam Ra's al-Husayn" in different cities. According to [[Shiite]] scholars, Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was eventually attached to his torso in [[Karbala]] and is buried where his torso is buried.
[[File:موضع رأس الحسین ع.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|Maqam Ra's al-Husayn (a) in [[Al-Hannana Mosque]]]]
[[File:موضع رأس الحسین ع.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|Maqam Ra's al-Husayn (a) in [[Al-Hannana Mosque]]]]
==Kufa and Najaf==
There is nothing in [[Sunni]] sources regarding whether Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is buried in [[Kufa]] or [[Najaf]], and there is no commonly accepted view among Shiites to the effect that his head is buried in one of these two places. There are, however, [[hadith]]s implying that Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is in [[Holy Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a)|Imam 'Ali's (a) Holy Shrine]]. Other hadiths are confirming such a story. However, there are problems with these hadiths that made them hard to be accepted by Shiite scholars.


'''Masjid al-Hannana'''
==Maqams of head of Imam al-Husayn (a)==
The meaning of Maqam of head of Imam al-Husayn (a) is both the places where it is said that the Imam's (a) head was buried and the places where the Imam's (a) head was kept for a short time and turned into a place of pilgrimage.


There is a place inside [[Masjid al-Hannana]] well-known as the place where Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is put there. It is said his head was put there when heads of [[Martyrs of Karbala]] were taking from Karbala to Kufa.
===Karbala===
According to the majority of scholars, Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was attached to his body. Both Shiite and Sunni scholars maintain this. Some Shiite scholars, such as al-Shaykh al-Saduq, al-Sayyid al-Murtada, al-Fattal al-Naysaburi, Ibn Nama al-Hilli, al-Sayyid b. Tawus, Baha' al-Din al-'Amili, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, al-Qazwini, and al-'Allama al-Majlisi are proponents of this view.


==Medina==
In this regard, al-Shaykh al-Saduq and after him, al-Fattal al-Nayshaburi wrote that "Ali b. al-Husayn (a) exited (Syria) with women and returned the head of al-Husayn (a) to Karbala."
According to some Sunni sources, when [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] sent the prisoners of the [[Event of Karbala]] to [[Medina]], he sent Imam al-Husayn's (a) head to [['Amr b. Sa'd b. al-'As]] in Medina, and 'Amr buried it in the [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]]. According to some scholars, the head was sent to [[Banu Hashim]], and they buried it in al-Baqi' after [[Ghusl of the Dead|ghusl]] and [[burial]] and [[funeral prayer]].


==Karbala==
About this issue, [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] wrote, "They have reported that the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was buried beside the body in Karbala."
On some accounts, Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was attached to his body. Both Shiite and Sunni scholars maintain this. Some Shiite scholars, such as [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]], [[al-Fattal al-Naysaburi]], [[Ibn Nama al-Hilli (disambiguation)|Ibn Nama al-Hilli]], [[al-Sayyid b. Tawus]], [[Baha' al-Din al-'Amili]], [[Abu Rayhan al-Biruni]], al-Qazwini, and [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] are proponents of this view.  


In this regard, al-Shaykh al-Saduq and after him, al-Fattal al-Nayshaburi wrote that "[[Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]] exited ([[Syria]]) with women and returned the head of al-Husayn (a) to Karbala." About this issue, al-Sayyid al-Murtada wrote, "They have reported that the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was buried beside the body in Karbala."
After mentioning the above quotation from al-Sayyid al-Murtada, [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] quoted from [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] that [[Ziyara of Arba'in]] is advised for this reason (joining the head of Imam (a) to the body and burying it).
After mentioning the above quotation from al-Sayyid al-Murtada, [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] quoted from [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] that [[Ziyara of Arba'in]] is advised for this reason (joining the head of Imam (a) to the body and burying it).


Also, Ibn Nama al-Hilli wrote, "What can be relied upon among reports is that after the head of Imam (a) was moved from one city to another among different cities, it was returned to the body and was buried beside the body." Al-Sayyid b. Tawus wrote, "It is reported that the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was returned and buried in Karbala."
Also, Ibn Nama al-Hilli wrote, "What can be relied upon among reports is that after the head of Imam (a) was moved from one city to another among different cities, it was returned to the body and was buried beside the body." Al-Sayyid b. Tawus wrote, "It is reported that the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was returned and buried in Karbala."


[[Al-Majlisi]] regarded one of the reasons for the recommendation of [[ziyara]] of Imam al-Husayn (a) on the day of [[Arba'in]], joining of the heads to bodies by Imam al-Sajjad (a)." Elsewhere after mentioning others' views in this regard, he wrote that, "It is famous among [[Imamiyya]] scholars that the head of Imam (a) was buried beside the body."  
Al-Majlisi regarded one of the reasons for the recommendation of ziyara of Imam al-Husayn (a) on the day of Arba'in, joining of the heads to bodies by Imam al-Sajjad (a)." Elsewhere after mentioning others' views in this regard, he wrote that, "It is famous among Imamiyya scholars that the head of Imam (a) was buried beside the body."


Regarding this issue, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni wrote, "the head of al-Husayn (a) was joined to his body and was buried beside it."
Regarding this issue, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni wrote, "the head of al-Husayn (a) was joined to his body and was buried beside it."


Also, al-Qazwini wrote that "The first day of the month of [[Safar]] is celebrated by [[Umayyads]], because, on that day, the head of al-Husayn (a) was brought to [[Damascus]] and on the twentieth of that month, it was returned to the body."
Also, al-Qazwini wrote that "The first day of the month of Safar is celebrated by Umayyads, because, on that day, the head of al-Husayn (a) was brought to Damascus and on the twentieth of that month, it was returned to the body."
 
===Najaf===
There are, [[hadith]]s implying that Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is in [[Holy Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a)|Imam 'Ali's (a) Holy Shrine]]. However, there are problems with these hadiths that made them hard to be accepted by Shiite scholars.
 
There is a place inside [[Masjid al-Hannana]] well-known as the place where Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is put there. It is said his head was put there when heads of [[Martyrs of Karbala]] were taking from Karbala to Kufa.


[[File:ضریح راس الحسین در مسجد اموی دمشق.jpg|220px|thumbnail|right|[[Darih]] of Ra's al-Husayn (a) in [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]].]]
===Medina===
According to some Sunni sources, when [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] sent the prisoners of the [[Event of Karbala]] to [[Medina]], he sent Imam al-Husayn's (a) head to [['Amr b. Sa'd b. al-'As]] in Medina, and 'Amr buried it in the [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]]. According to some scholars, the head was sent to [[Banu Hashim]], and they buried it in al-Baqi' after [[Ghusl of the Dead|ghusl]] and [[burial]] and [[funeral prayer]].


==Damascus==
===Damascus===
On some accounts, Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was buried in [[Damascus]]. However, there is disagreement as to whether it was buried in the palace or a garden in Damascus or a cemetery there. There are other accounts according to which the head was buried in the Faradis Gate, the Damascus Mosque near two pillars on the right side of [[qibla]], in Muslims' graves.
On some accounts, Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was buried in [[Damascus]]. However, there is disagreement as to whether it was buried in the palace or a garden in Damascus or a cemetery there. There are other accounts according to which the head was buried in the Faradis Gate, the Damascus Mosque near two pillars on the right side of [[qibla]], in Muslims' graves.


[[File:صخره مسجدالنقطه.jpg|thumbnail|270px|Based on some reports, some blood from Imam al-Husayn's (a) head has dropped on this rock. Later, a mosque called [[Masjid al-Nuqta]] has been constructed in the place in Aleppo.]]
[[File:صخره مسجدالنقطه.jpg|thumbnail|270px|Based on some reports, some blood from Imam al-Husayn's (a) head has dropped on this rock. Later, a mosque called [[Masjid al-Nuqta]] has been constructed in the place in Aleppo.]]
==Al-Raqqah==
According to [[Sibt b. al-Jawzi]], Yazid b. Mu'awiya sent Imam al-Husayn's (a) head to Abu Mu'it's household as retaliation for [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s head, and they buried the head in a house that was later attached to al-Raqqah's [[Jami' Mosque]].


==Aleppo==
===Kufa===
When the caravan of Karbala's prisoners and the heads of martyrs in Karbala arrived in [[Aleppo]] from [[Iraq]], they stayed near a mountain called "Jawshan" west of Aleppo, besides a monastery called "Marat Marutha". A monk in the monastery bribed the guards of the caravan to put Imam al-Husayn's (a) head on a rock inside the monastery. He stayed near the head until the morning. At the sunrise, when they took the head, there were drops of blood on the rock. When the caravan moved on, the people of Aleppo learned about the story and congregated around the rock and mourned for Imam al-Husayn (a). According to Shiite accounts, blood used to spring on that rock every year on the [[Day of 'Ashura]], attracting the attention of many people of [[Syria]].


The Shiite figure, [[Sayf al-Dawla al-Hamdani]] was the first person who built a chamber and a mosque over the rock and the monastery in 350/961-2 and called it [[Masjid al-Nuqta]] (mosque of the spot [of blood]).
===Al-Raqqah===
According to [[Sibt b. al-Jawzi]], Yazid b. Mu'awiya sent Imam al-Husayn's (a) head to Abu Mu'it's household as retaliation for [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s head, and they buried the head in a house that was later attached to al-Raqqah's [[Jami' Mosque]].


Mashhad al-Husayn (a) is a well-known place in Aleppo today and it is frequently visited by its residents and visitors of [[Lady Zaynab|Zaynab bt. 'Ali (a)]]. Today the area is known as "Hayy al-Ansari". In 1960, the Ja'fari Institute for Reconstruction and Islamic Beneficence was founded to reconstruct Mashhad al-Husayn (a). It also built a mosque, a medical center, and an [[Seminary|Islamic Seminary]] school headed by al-Shaykh Ibrahim Nasr Allah. Al-Shaykh Ibrahim is the author of the book, ''Aleppo and Shiism''. He is the [[leader of congregational prayers]] in Mashhad al-Husayn (a).
===Al-Mashhad al-Husayn or al-Masjid al-Nuqta===


[[File:زیارتگاه رأس الحسین در عسقلان فلسطین.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Ra's al-Husayn (a) ziyarah site in [[Ashkelon]], [[Palestine]].]]
===Ashkelon===
 
==Ashkelon==
On some accounts, a group of people from [[Ashkelon]] ('Asqalan) went to [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] and asked him to let them bury Imam al-Husayn's (a) head in their city. Yazid gave them the head; they buried the head in Ashkelon and made a mausoleum over it.
On some accounts, a group of people from [[Ashkelon]] ('Asqalan) went to [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] and asked him to let them bury Imam al-Husayn's (a) head in their city. Yazid gave them the head; they buried the head in Ashkelon and made a mausoleum over it.


According to another account, during the [[caliphate]] of [[al-Mustansir Bi-Allah al-Fatimi]], a [[Fatimid]] caliph and the ministry of Badr al-Jamali, a person saw in his dreams that Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is buried in Ashkelon. He learned the exact place in his dream. When he woke up, they exhumed the place he saw in his dream, and they found the head. Badr al-Jamali made a mausoleum over the place.
According to another account, during the [[caliphate]] of [[al-Mustansir Bi-Allah al-Fatimi]], a [[Fatimid]] caliph and the ministry of Badr al-Jamali, a person saw in his dreams that Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is buried in Ashkelon. He learned the exact place in his dream. When he woke up, they exhumed the place he saw in his dream, and they found the head. Badr al-Jamali made a mausoleum over the place.


==Cairo==
===Cairo===
According to [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], there is a mausoleum in [[Cairo]] where Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is buried. Sibt b. al-Jawzi took the fifth view about where the head was buried to be that it was buried in Cairo: on this view, the head was moved to Ashkelon by Fatimid caliphs, and then it was moved to Cairo and buried there and a great mausoleum was built over it, which is frequently visited today.
According to [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], there is a mausoleum in [[Cairo]] where Imam al-Husayn's (a) head is buried. Sibt b. al-Jawzi took the fifth view about where the head was buried to be that it was buried in Cairo: on this view, the head was moved to Ashkelon by Fatimid caliphs, and then it was moved to Cairo and buried there and a great mausoleum was built over it, which is frequently visited today.


==Merv==
===Merv===
According to some sources, when [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] conquered Damascus, he moved Imam al-Husayn's (a) head to Merv and buried it in Dar al-Imara.
According to some sources, when [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] conquered Damascus, he moved Imam al-Husayn's (a) head to Merv and buried it in Dar al-Imara.


==Imam Sahib==
===Imam Sahib===
There is a mausoleum in the city of Imam Sahib, located in Kunduz province north of [[Afghanistan]]. The epigraphy at the entrance of the mausoleum reads that after the [[Event of Karbala]], Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was moved to Ashkelon in Syria. In the sixth/twelfth century, the Fatimid caliph of [[Egypt]] moved the head to Egypt, but before the head was buried there, some Turks took the head to Bactria and buried it in a place called Arhang. In this place (just like the mausoleum of Shahmardan in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]]), the flag of the mausoleum is taken every year on March 30, and then there is a ceremony in the city for forty days. Local officials and visitors from nearby and distant places attend the ceremony.
There is a mausoleum in the city of Imam Sahib, located in Kunduz province north of [[Afghanistan]]. The epigraphy at the entrance of the mausoleum reads that after the [[Event of Karbala]], Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was moved to Ashkelon in Syria. In the sixth/twelfth century, the Fatimid caliph of [[Egypt]] moved the head to Egypt, but before the head was buried there, some Turks took the head to Bactria and buried it in a place called Arhang. In this place (just like the mausoleum of Shahmardan in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]]), the flag of the mausoleum is taken every year on March 30, and then there is a ceremony in the city for forty days. Local officials and visitors from nearby and distant places attend the ceremony.


==An Assessment==
===An Assessment===
Given that most of these views have appeared in Sunni sources and have problems with respect to their chains of narrations as well as their contents, most Shiite scholars maintained the view that Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was attached to his body and is thus buried in his [[Holy Shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a)|holy shrine in Karbala]].
Given that most of these views have appeared in Sunni sources and have problems with respect to their chains of narrations as well as their contents, most Shiite scholars maintained the view that Imam al-Husayn's (a) head was attached to his body and is thus buried in his [[Holy Shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a)|holy shrine in Karbala]]. According to some historical reports, the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was attached to the body and buried on the [[Arba'in day]] of the [[61 AH|61 lunar year]].
 
==References==
{{references}}
* Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Jumal min ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Suhayl Zakār & Riyāḍ al-Ziriklī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
* Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn''. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d].
* Grotzbach, Erwin. ''Jughrāfīyā-yi shahrī dar Afghānistān''. Translated to Farsi by Muḥsin Muḥsinīyān. Mashhad: Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, 1368 Sh.
* Group of authors. ''Nigāhī nu bih jaryān-i ʿĀshūrā''. Under the supervision of Sayyid ʿAlī Riḍā Wāsiʿī. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb, 1390 Sh.
* Group of authors. ''Tārīkh-i qīyām wa maqtal-i jāmiʿ-i Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ''. Under the supervision of Mahdī Pīshwāyī. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Āmūzishī wa Pazhūhishī-yi Imām Khomeiniī, 1392 Sh.
* Ḥalabī Ghuzzī, Kāmil b. Ḥusayn. ''Nahr al-dhahab fī tārīkh Ḥalab''. Ḥalab: Dār al-Qalam, 1419 AH.
* Ḥusaynī Jalālī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. ''Mazārāt Ahl al-Bayt wa tārīkhuhā''. 3rd edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī, 1415 AH.
* Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1412 AH.
* Ibn Nimā al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad. ''Muthīr al-aḥzān''. Qom: Madrisat al-Imām al-Mahdī, 1406 AH.
* Ibn Qūlawayh, Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad. ''Kāmil al-zīyārāt''. Qom: Nashr al-Fiqāha, 1424 AH.
* Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1968.
* Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Edited by Ḥāshim Rasūlī. Qom: Nashr-i ʿAllāma, 1379 Sh.
* Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Al-Luhūf ʿalā qatlay al-ṭufūf''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Jahān, [n.d].
* Khwārizmī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Maqtal al-Ḥusayn''. Qom: Anwār al-Hudā, 1423 AH.
* Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Furūʿ min al-Kāfī''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1367 Sh.
* Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
* Muḥammadī Reyshahrī, Muḥammad. ''shahādatnāmah-yi Imām Ḥusayn (a) bar pāya-yi manābiʿ-i muʿtabar''. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1395 Sh.
* Nuwayrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. ''Nihāyat al-ʾarab fī funūn al-ʾadab''. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub wa al-Wathāʾiq al-Qawmīyya, 1975.
* Qazwīnī, Zakariyā b. Muḥammad. ''ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt''. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thiqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 2006.
* Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Tehran: Kitābchī, 1376 Sh.
* Sayyid Murtaḍā, 'Alī b. Ḥusayn. ''Rasāʾil al-sharīf al-Murtaḍā''. Qom: Dār al-Qurān al-Karīm, 1405 AH.
* Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, Yūsuf b. Qazāwughlī. ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ min al-umma bi dhikr khaṣāʾiṣ al-aʾimma''. Qom: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1418 AH.
{{end}}
 
{{Battle of Karbala}}
{{Shia Shrines}}
{{Syria}}
{{Najaf}}
 
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[[Category:Places attributed to Imam al-Husayn (a)]]
[[Category:Ziyara sites]]
[[Category:Battle of Karbala]]
[[Category:Imam al-Husayn (a)]]
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