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== Marriage Formula == | == Marriage Formula == | ||
Marriage formula refers to phrases by which a man and a woman enter the marriage contract. Marriage formula can only be established by verbal proposition and acceptance and mere consent by the heart is not sufficient. By proposition, a proposal for the marriage contract offered to another is meant; and acceptance is expressing consent about the proposal given for that contract. | Marriage formula refers to phrases by which a man and a woman enter the marriage contract.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 578.</ref> Marriage formula can only be established by verbal proposition and acceptance and mere consent by the heart is not sufficient.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā'', vol. 2, p. 851.</ref> By proposition, a proposal for the marriage contract offered to another is meant; and acceptance is expressing consent about the proposal given for that contract. | ||
Words of proposition to be recited by the woman are: "zawwajtuk-a"<ref>{{ia|زَوّجتُک}}</ref> or "ankahtuk-a"<ref>{{ia|أنکَحتُکَ}}</ref>. Some fiqh scholars have also considered "matta'tuka"<ref>{{ia|مَتَّعتُکَ}}</ref> acceptable. Words of acceptance to be recited by the man are: "qabilt-u al-tazwij" <ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَزویج}}</ref>, "qabilt-u al-nikah"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ النِّکاح}}</ref>, "qabilt-u al-tazwij-a wa l-nikah"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَّزویجَ وَ النَّکاح}}</ref> or "tazawwajt-u"<ref>{{ia|تَزَوَّجتُ}}</ref>. | Words of proposition to be recited by the woman<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 581.</ref> are: "zawwajtuk-a"<ref>{{ia|زَوّجتُک}}</ref> or "ankahtuk-a"<ref>{{ia|أنکَحتُکَ}}; Shūshtarī, ''al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-Lumʿa'', vol. 8, p. 336.</ref>. Some fiqh scholars have also considered "matta'tuka"<ref>{{ia|مَتَّعتُکَ}}</ref> acceptable.<ref>Shūshtarī, ''al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-Lumʿa'', vol. 8, p. 336.</ref> Words of acceptance to be recited by the man<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 581.</ref> are: "qabilt-u al-tazwij" <ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَزویج}}</ref>, "qabilt-u al-nikah"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ النِّکاح}}</ref>, "qabilt-u al-tazwij-a wa l-nikah"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَّزویجَ وَ النَّکاح}}</ref> or "tazawwajt-u"<ref>{{ia|تَزَوَّجتُ}}; Shūshtarī, ''al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-Lumʿa'', vol. 8, p. 336.</ref>. | ||
== Types == | == Types == | ||
Formula for marriage contract has two types: permanent and temporary. In the formula for permanent marriage, only the mahr should be mentioned, but in the formula for temporary marriage, the duration of the marriage should be mentioned in addition to the mahr. | Formula for marriage contract has two types: permanent and temporary.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 578.</ref> In the formula for permanent marriage, only the [[mahr]] should be mentioned, but in the formula for temporary marriage, the duration of the marriage should be mentioned in addition to the mahr.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 578.</ref> | ||
=== Permanent Marriage=== | === Permanent Marriage=== | ||
{{main|Permanent marriage}} | {{main|Permanent marriage}} | ||
In the permanent marriage, if the man and woman are to recite the formula, first the woman should say, "Zawwajtuk-a nafsi ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|زَوَّجتُکَ نَفسی علی الصِداق المَعلوم}}</ref>, meaning "I married myself to you upon the known (specified) mahr". Then, the man should say, "qabilt-u al-tazwij ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَزویج علی الصِداق المَعلوم}}</ref>, meaning "I accepted the marriage upon the known (specified) [[mahr]]." He might also only say, "qabilt-u al-tazwij" with the intention of [[marriage]] with the known (specified) mahr. | In the permanent marriage, if the man and woman are to recite the formula, first the woman should say, "Zawwajtuk-a nafsi ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|زَوَّجتُکَ نَفسی علی الصِداق المَعلوم}}</ref>, meaning "I married myself to you upon the known (specified) mahr". Then, the man should say, "qabilt-u al-tazwij ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَزویج علی الصِداق المَعلوم}}</ref>, meaning "I accepted the marriage upon the known (specified) [[mahr]]." He might also only say, "qabilt-u al-tazwij" with the intention of [[marriage]] with the known (specified) mahr.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 581.</ref> | ||
If the man and the woman choose two others as their advocates to recite the Marriage formula, and for example the name of the man is "Ahmad" and the name of the woman is "Fatima", the woman's advocate should say, "Zawwajt-u muwakkilat-i Fatima muwakkiluk-a Ahmad ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|زَوَّجتُ مُوَکِّلَتی فاطمة مُوَکِّلُکَ أحمَد}}</ref>, meaning, "I made my client Fatima married to your client Ahmad upon the known (specified) mahr". Then, the man's advocate should say, "Qabilt-u al-tazwij li muwakkil-i Ahmad ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَّزویج لمُوَکِّلی أحمد علی الصِّداق المَعلوم}}</ref> meaning, "I accepted the marriage for my client Ahmad upon the known (specified) mahr." | If the man and the woman choose two others as their advocates to recite the Marriage formula, and for example the name of the man is "Ahmad" and the name of the woman is "Fatima", the woman's advocate should say, "Zawwajt-u muwakkilat-i Fatima muwakkiluk-a Ahmad ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|زَوَّجتُ مُوَکِّلَتی فاطمة مُوَکِّلُکَ أحمَد}}</ref>, meaning, "I made my client Fatima married to your client Ahmad upon the known (specified) mahr". Then, the man's advocate should say, "Qabilt-u al-tazwij li muwakkil-i Ahmad ala l-sidaq al-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ التَّزویج لمُوَکِّلی أحمد علی الصِّداق المَعلوم}}</ref> meaning, "I accepted the marriage for my client Ahmad upon the known (specified) mahr."<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 581.</ref> | ||
=== Temporary Marriage=== | === Temporary Marriage=== | ||
{{main|Temporary marriage}} | {{main|Temporary marriage}} | ||
About the formula for temporary marriage, if the man and the woman recite it themselves, after they specify the duration of marriage and mahr, the woman should say, "Zawwajtuk-a nafsi fi l-muddat-i l-ma'luma ala l-mahr-i l-ma'lum"<ref>زَوَّجتُک نَفسی فی المُدَة المَعلومة علی المَهر المَعلوم</ref>, meaning, "I married myself to you for a specified duration upon the known (specified) mahr"; then, the man should say, "qabilt-u"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ}}</ref>, meaning "I accepted". | About the formula for temporary marriage, if the man and the woman recite it themselves, after they specify the duration of marriage and mahr, the woman should say, "Zawwajtuk-a nafsi fi l-muddat-i l-ma'luma ala l-mahr-i l-ma'lum"<ref>زَوَّجتُک نَفسی فی المُدَة المَعلومة علی المَهر المَعلوم</ref>, meaning, "I married myself to you for a specified duration upon the known (specified) mahr"; then, the man should say, "qabilt-u"<ref>{{ia|قَبِلتُ}}</ref>, meaning "I accepted".<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 583.</ref> | ||
If the man and the woman choose two others as their advocates to recite the Marriage formula, first, the woman's advocate should tell the man's advocate, "zawwajt-u muwakkilat-i muwakkiluk-a fi l-muddat-i l-ma'luma ala l-mahr-i l-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|زَوَّجتُکَ مُوَکِّلَتی مُوَکِّلُکَ فی المُدَة المَعلومة علی المَهرِ المَعلوم}}</ref>, meaning "I made my client married to your client for a specified duration upon the known (specified) mahr". Then, the man's advocate should say, "Qabilt-u al-tazwij li muwakkil-i ha kadha",<ref>"Ha kadha" means "in accordance with the terms and conditions asserted orally by the two parties.</ref>, meaning "I accepted the marriage for my client as such." | If the man and the woman choose two others as their advocates to recite the Marriage formula, first, the woman's advocate should tell the man's advocate, "zawwajt-u muwakkilat-i muwakkiluk-a fi l-muddat-i l-ma'luma ala l-mahr-i l-ma'lum"<ref>{{ia|زَوَّجتُکَ مُوَکِّلَتی مُوَکِّلُکَ فی المُدَة المَعلومة علی المَهرِ المَعلوم}}</ref>, meaning "I made my client married to your client for a specified duration upon the known (specified) mahr". Then, the man's advocate should say, "Qabilt-u al-tazwij li muwakkil-i ha kadha",<ref>"Ha kadha" means "in accordance with the terms and conditions asserted orally by the two parties.</ref>, meaning "I accepted the marriage for my client as such."<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawdīh al-masa'il'', vol. 2, p. 583.</ref> | ||
== Sermon for Marriage == | == Sermon for Marriage == | ||
Reciting a sermon before reciting the Marriage formula is among the practices [[recommended]] before reciting the Marriage formula. In this sermon, the praises of [[God]], the [[Prophet (s)]] and the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] are mentioned. Sermons of the marriages between the Prophet (s) and [[Lady Khadija (a)]], [[Imam Ali (a)]] and [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and other Shi'a [[Imams (a)]] are narrated in the books of [[jurisprudence]] and [[hadith]]s. | Reciting a sermon before reciting the Marriage formula is among the practices [[recommended]] before reciting the Marriage formula.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā'', vol. 5, p. 477; Babāzāda, ''Marāsim-i ʿarūsī'', p. 108.</ref> In this sermon, the praises of [[God]], the [[Prophet (s)]] and the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] are mentioned.<ref>Babāzāda, ''Marāsim-i ʿarūsī'', p. 108.</ref> Sermons of the marriages between the Prophet (s) and [[Lady Khadija (a)]], [[Imam Ali (a)]] and [[Lady Fatima (a)]] and other Shi'a [[Imams (a)]] are narrated in the books of [[jurisprudence]] and [[hadith]]s.<ref>See: Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 103, p. 269; Kulaynī, ''al-Furūʿ min al-Kāfī'', vol. 5, p. 370.</ref> | ||
The Prophet (s) recited the sermon below before the marriage of Ali (a) and Fatima (a), | The Prophet (s) recited the sermon below before the marriage of Ali (a) and Fatima (a), | ||
{{centered pull quote|Al-hamd-u li Allah al-ladhi rafa'-a al-sama' fa bana-ha, wa basat-a al-ard fa daha-ha, wa athbata-ha bi l-jibal fa arsa-ha, akhraj-a min-ha ma'-a-ha wa mar'a-ha, al-ladhi ta'azam-a an sifat al-wasifin ... Ayyu-ha l-nas! inna-ma al-anbiya' hujaj Allah fi ardih, al-natiqun bi kitabih, al-amilun bi wahyih, inna Allah azz-a wa jall amar-a-ni an uzawwij-a karimat-i Fatima bi akhi wa-bn-i ammi wa awla l-nas bi Ali b. Abi Talib, wa qad zawwaj-a-hu fi l-sama' bi shahadat al-mala'ika, wa amar-a-ni an uzawwij-a-hu wa ushhid-u-kum ala dhalik.<ref>{{ia|الحمدلله الذی رفع السمآء فبناها، وبسط الارض فدحاها، وأثبتها بالجبال فأرسیها، أخرج منها ماءها و مرعیها، الذی تعاظم عن صفات الواصفین...أیها الناس إنما الانبیاء حجج الله فی أرضه، الناطقون بکتابه، العاملون بوحیه، إن الله عزوجل أمرنی أن ازوج کریمتی فاطمة بأخی وابن عمی و أولی الناس بی علی بن أبی‌طالب، و [أن] قد زوجه فی السماء بشهادة الملائکة، وأمرنی أن ازوجه واشهدکم علی ذلک}}</ref>}} | {{centered pull quote|Al-hamd-u li Allah al-ladhi rafa'-a al-sama' fa bana-ha, wa basat-a al-ard fa daha-ha, wa athbata-ha bi l-jibal fa arsa-ha, akhraj-a min-ha ma'-a-ha wa mar'a-ha, al-ladhi ta'azam-a an sifat al-wasifin ... Ayyu-ha l-nas! inna-ma al-anbiya' hujaj Allah fi ardih, al-natiqun bi kitabih, al-amilun bi wahyih, inna Allah azz-a wa jall amar-a-ni an uzawwij-a karimat-i Fatima bi akhi wa-bn-i ammi wa awla l-nas bi Ali b. Abi Talib, wa qad zawwaj-a-hu fi l-sama' bi shahadat al-mala'ika, wa amar-a-ni an uzawwij-a-hu wa ushhid-u-kum ala dhalik.<ref>{{ia|الحمدلله الذی رفع السمآء فبناها، وبسط الارض فدحاها، وأثبتها بالجبال فأرسیها، أخرج منها ماءها و مرعیها، الذی تعاظم عن صفات الواصفین...أیها الناس إنما الانبیاء حجج الله فی أرضه، الناطقون بکتابه، العاملون بوحیه، إن الله عزوجل أمرنی أن ازوج کریمتی فاطمة بأخی وابن عمی و أولی الناس بی علی بن أبی‌طالب، و [أن] قد زوجه فی السماء بشهادة الملائکة، وأمرنی أن ازوجه واشهدکم علی ذلک}}</ref>}} | ||
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* Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. ''Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq bā madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt''. Qom: Muʾassisat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1392 Sh. | * Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. ''Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq bā madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt''. Qom: Muʾassisat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1392 Sh. | ||
* Shūshtarī, Muḥammad Taqī. ''Al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-Lumʿa''. Edited by Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Tehran: Maktaba al-Ṣadūq, 1369 Sh. | * Shūshtarī, Muḥammad Taqī. ''Al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-Lumʿa''. Edited by Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Tehran: Maktaba al-Ṣadūq, 1369 Sh. | ||
* Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā fīmā taʿummu bih al-balwā''. Second edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1409 AH. | |||
* Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1409 AH. | * Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1409 AH. | ||
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