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Taqiyya: Difference between revisions
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According to ''al-Mawsu'at al-fiqhiyyat al-Kuwaitiyya'' (The Kuwaiti Jurisprudential Encyclopedia, a 45-volume work on Sunni jurisprudence), the majority of Sunni scholars believe that taqiyya is permissible in cases of necessity—such as fear of death, persecution, or significant harm. In such situations, one may practice taqiyya to the extent necessary to prevent the harm.<ref>Group of authors, ''al-Mawsūʿa al-fiqhīyya al-Kuwaitīyya'', vol. 13, p. 186-187.</ref> | According to ''al-Mawsu'at al-fiqhiyyat al-Kuwaitiyya'' (The Kuwaiti Jurisprudential Encyclopedia, a 45-volume work on Sunni jurisprudence), the majority of Sunni scholars believe that taqiyya is permissible in cases of necessity—such as fear of death, persecution, or significant harm. In such situations, one may practice taqiyya to the extent necessary to prevent the harm.<ref>Group of authors, ''al-Mawsūʿa al-fiqhīyya al-Kuwaitīyya'', vol. 13, p. 186-187.</ref> | ||
To establish the permissibility and legitimacy of taqiyya, Sunni scholars also refer to hadiths in addition to verses such as verse 28 of Qur'an 3 and verse 106 of Qur'an 16. | To establish the permissibility and legitimacy of taqiyya, Sunni scholars also refer to hadiths<ref>See: Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 9, p. 19; Haythamī, ''Kashf al-astār'', vol. 4, p. 113; Ṭabarānī, ''al-Muʿjam al-kabīr'', vol. 20, p. 94; Ḥabīb al-ʿAmīdī, ''Taqīyya az dīdgāh-i madhāhib wa firqa-hā-yi Islāmī-yi ghayr-i Shīʿī'', p. 72-77.</ref> in addition to verses such as verse 28 of Qur'an 3 and verse 106 of Qur'an 16.<ref>Group of authors, ''al-Mawsūʿa al-fiqhīyya al-Kuwaitīyya'', vol. 13, p. 186-187.</ref> | ||
==Absolute Rejection of Taqiyya in Certain Islamic Denominations== | ==Absolute Rejection of Taqiyya in Certain Islamic Denominations== | ||
Among Sunni Muslims, [[Wahhabis]] completely reject taqiyya as illegitimate and criticize Shiites for their acceptance and practice of it. Among Shiite denominations, [[Zaydis]] are noted for their wholesale rejection of taqiyya. | Among Sunni Muslims, [[Wahhabis]] completely reject taqiyya as illegitimate and criticize Shiites for their acceptance and practice of it.<ref> Nūrī, ''Naqd-i dīgāh-i Ibn Taymīyya dar bāb-i taqīyya'', p. 149.</ref> Among Shiite denominations, [[Zaydis]] are noted for their wholesale rejection of taqiyya.<ref>Mashkūr, ''Farhang-i firaq-i Islāmī'', p. 218.</ref> | ||
One objection raised by [[Ibn Taymiyya]], and subsequently by Wahhabis, is that taqiyya is akin to lying and hypocrisy. In response, it is argued that taqiyya differs fundamentally from hypocrisy. Hypocrisy involves concealing disbelief while pretending to hold belief, whereas taqiyya involves concealing one's faith while pretending to disbelieve. | One objection raised by [[Ibn Taymiyya]], and subsequently by Wahhabis, is that taqiyya is akin to lying and hypocrisy.<ref>See: Ibn Taymīyya, ''Minhāj al-sunna al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 68, vol. 2, p. 46; Qifārī, ''Uṣūl madhhab al-Shīʿa al-imāmīyya al-ithnā ʿasharīyya'', vol. 2, p. 819; Bākistānī, ''al-Shīʿa wa al-Tashayyuʿ'', p. 88.</ref> In response, it is argued that taqiyya differs fundamentally from hypocrisy. Hypocrisy involves concealing disbelief while pretending to hold belief, whereas taqiyya involves concealing one's faith while pretending to disbelieve.<ref>Subḥānī, ''al-Taqīyya; mafhūmuhā, ḥadduhā, dalīluhā'', p. 74.</ref> | ||
==Monographs== | ==Monographs== | ||
Numerous independent essays and books have been written about taqiyya. Some of these are listed below: | Numerous independent essays and books have been written about taqiyya. Some of these are listed below: | ||
*'''''Risala fi al-taqiyya'':''' A short essay by [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki]] on the jurisprudential ruling of taqiyya, included in his collected works titled ''Rasa'il al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki'' in three volumes. The essay on taqiyya is published in the second volume. | *'''''Risala fi al-taqiyya'':''' A short essay by [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki]] on the jurisprudential ruling of taqiyya, included in his collected works titled ''Rasa'il al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki'' in three volumes. The essay on taqiyya is published in the second volume.<ref>Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Rasāʾil al-Karakī'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
*'''''Risala fi al-taqiyya'':''' This is an essay by [[al-Shaykh al-Ansari]] on the jurisprudential ruling of taqiyya. This essay was published along with other essays by al-Shaykh al-Ansari in a book titled ''Rasa'il fiqhiyya'' (Jurisprudential essays). | *'''''Risala fi al-taqiyya'':''' This is an essay by [[al-Shaykh al-Ansari]] on the jurisprudential ruling of taqiyya. This essay was published along with other essays by al-Shaykh al-Ansari in a book titled ''Rasa'il fiqhiyya'' (Jurisprudential essays).<ref>Anṣārī, ''Rasāʾil fiqhīyya'', p. 71.</ref> | ||
*'''''Al-Taqiyya'':''' This essay on the jurisprudential rulings of taqiyya was authored by [[Imam Khomeini]] in 1373 | *'''''Al-Taqiyya'':''' This essay on the jurisprudential rulings of taqiyya was authored by [[Imam Khomeini]] in 1373/1953-4, following his lectures on the subject.<ref>Khomeinī, ''al-Rasāʾil al-ʿashara'', p. 1.</ref> It is published in a book titled ''al-Rasa'il al-'ashara'' (The Ten Essays), alongside other essays.<ref>Khomeinī, ''al-Rasāʾil al-ʿashara'', p. 7.</ref> | ||
*'''''Taqiyya az didgah-i madhahib wa firqa-ha-yi Islami-yi ghayr-Shi'i''''' (Taqiyya from the perspective of non-Shiite Islamic denominations and sects) by Thamir Hashim al-Amidi, written in Arabic and translated into Persian by Muhammad Sadiq Arif. The book examines the views of the renowned jurists of the [[Four Sunni Schools]] of Jurisprudence. The author argues that Sunni jurists also consider taqiyya permissible, citing evidence from the Quran and tradition to support its legitimacy. | *'''''Taqiyya az didgah-i madhahib wa firqa-ha-yi Islami-yi ghayr-Shi'i''''' (Taqiyya from the perspective of non-Shiite Islamic denominations and sects) by Thamir Hashim al-Amidi, written in Arabic and translated into Persian by Muhammad Sadiq Arif. The book examines the views of the renowned jurists of the [[Four Sunni Schools]] of Jurisprudence. The author argues that Sunni jurists also consider taqiyya permissible, citing evidence from the Quran and tradition to support its legitimacy.<ref>Ḥabīb al-ʿAmīdī, ''Taqīyya az dīdgāh-i madhāhib wa firqa-hā-yi Islāmī-yi ghayr-i Shīʿī'', p. 12-13.</ref> | ||
*'''''Taqiyya sipari barayi mubaraza-yi 'amiqtar''''' (Taqiyya as a shield for a deeper fight), authored by [[Nasir Makarim Shirazi]]. The book explores the following main themes: an examination of the jurisprudential and ethical aspects of taqiyya and responses to existing objections; the literal and terminological meanings of taqiyya; its background in other human creeds and the practices of prophets; the objectives of taqiyya; its Quranic, hadith-based, theological, ethical, and jurisprudential dimensions; and answers to frequently asked questions on the topic. | *'''''Taqiyya sipari barayi mubaraza-yi 'amiqtar''''' (Taqiyya as a shield for a deeper fight), authored by [[Nasir Makarim Shirazi]]. The book explores the following main themes: an examination of the jurisprudential and ethical aspects of taqiyya and responses to existing objections; the literal and terminological meanings of taqiyya; its background in other human creeds and the practices of prophets; the objectives of taqiyya; its Quranic, hadith-based, theological, ethical, and jurisprudential dimensions; and answers to frequently asked questions on the topic. | ||
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